| Notes |
[[Category:Wales Project Pre 1500 Managed Profiles]]
[[Category:Rhuddlan cwmwd, Tegeingl]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Gwynedd]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Powys]]
[[Category: Kings of the Britons]]
[[Category: Legendary Scottish Stewart Ancestry]]
[[Category:Wales Project Pre 1500 Managed Profiles]]
[[Category: Wales Project Pre 1500 Managed Profiles - 11th Century]]
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== Biography ==
===Summary===
Gruffyd ap Llywelyn ...
* son of King Llywelyn ap Seisyll and Angharad, daughter of Maredudd ab O w a i n .
* King of Wales and had repeatedly defeated the English forces.
* married Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl �lfgar of Mercia after his abducti o n o f , a n d marriage to, the unnamed wife of Hywel ab Edwin in 1041.
* had at least three children:
** (son) Maredudd died at the Battle of Mechain in 1069
** (son) Idwal died at the Battle of Mechain in 1069** (daughter) Nes t v e r c h G ruffydd who married Osbern fitzRichard of Richard's Castle. Th ei r d a u g hter Nest ferch Osbern (aka Nesta of Hereford) married Bernard d e N e u f m arch�. Nest verch Gruffydd also was married to Trahaearn ap Cara do g b e f o re Osbern. They had seven children.
** may have had another son, Owain ap Gruffudd, who died in 1059.
===1011 Birth and Parents===
Wolcott estimates that Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Seisyll was born about 1 0 1 1 . < r ef name="wolcott210"> Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. [ h t t p : //www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Consorts and Children o f G r u f f udd ap Llewelyn] Accessed July 8, 2015
Wolcott also asserts that Gruffudd ap Llewelyn was the only known child o f [ [ M a r edydd-1|Angharad ferch Maredudd ]] 2|and Llewelyn ap Seisyll. H e e s t i m ated that Gruffudd's mother Angharad was born about 993, bring p ro b a b l y not more than 6 years old in 999".[Darrell Wol c o t t , A ncient Wales Studies. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id207 . h t m l T he Era of Llewelyn ap Seisyll] accessed July 8, 2015)] Angh a r a d h a d grown up in Llywelyn's home; when Cadell, king of Powys, died i n 1 0 0 6 a n d Llewelyn ap Seisyll was crowned the new king, the young Angh ar a d w a s a n atural choice for his bride. Wolcott estimates that Anghar a d w a s p e rhaps 14 years old and Llewelyn about 28 when they married. Th e i r o n l y known child, Gruffudd, was born c. 1011."
Cawley confirms that Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was the son of Llywelyn ap S e i s y l l King of Gwynedd and his wife Angharad of Gwynedd, noting that hi s p a r e n tage is confirmed by the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales which r e c o r d s that "Bleddyn son of Cynvyn [and] Gruffudd son of Llywelyn.were b r o t h e rs by the same mother.Angharad daughter of Meredudd king of the Br i t o n s ". [ Charles Cawley. Foundation for Medieval Ge n e a l g y. Medieval Lands Database. Wales [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLan d s / W A LES.htm#_ftnref399 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ap Seisyll] Accessed Octo b e r 2 3 , 2 018 [[Day-1904|jhd]] ]
===1021 Succession to Gwynedd===
Cawley notes that the Gwentian Chronicle records that Grufydd succeeded h i s f a t h er as prince of Gwynedd after "Llywelyn son of Seisyllt" was kil l e d i n 1 0 21.
Wolcott indicates that Gruffudd, who would have been aged 10 when his f a t h e r d ied, completed his childhood in the manor of interim king Cynfyn a p G w e r y stan.
===1028 Teenage Liaison===
Wolcott notes the likelihood that Gruffudd had a base son named Cynyn o r C y n i d , since a source [ HLG (1) k, cited by Darrell Wolcott, Anci en t W a l e s Studies. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The C o n s o r ts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed July 8, 2015 s u ggests that in about 1022 Rhirid Mawr or Caerwedros had been req u i r e d t o give his daughter Cynfrid as a hostage to llewelyn ap Ceisyll, t h e n a g e d seven, and that after Llywelyn's death, Cynfrid was still bein g h e l d b y i nterim king Cynfyn ap Gwerystan. Wolcott speculates that a t e e n a g ed Gruffudd seduced Cynfrid, and she took the child with her when s h e w a s r e leased to marry her husband Trahaern ap Madog Dda. The child w a s n e v e r acknowledged by Gruffudd. ]
Wolcott estimates Cynyn's birth at 1029, making the liaison occur in 20 2 8 , w h e n Gruffudd would have been 17 and Cynfryn 14.
===1033 Refuge in Ireland and Marriage to Nest===
Wolcott understands that Gruffudd and other members of the Powys Royal f a m i l y t ook refuge in Ireland in 1033 when Iago ap Idwal came to power i n G w y n e dd, and believes that this tends to support the oral tradition t ha t G r u f fudd married an Irish lady named [[Olafsdotter-89|Nest]] who ma y h a v e b e en a daughter of Olaf Sictricsson. Wolcott estimates that she w a s b o r n a bout 1024 and married Gruffudd in 1038 before he returned to W a l e s .
One writer [ Mrs Matthew Hall, "Queens Before t h e C o n q uest", 1854, vol ii, pp 386/387. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Anci e n t W a l es Studies. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The C o n s o r ts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [ [ D a y - 1904|jhd]] ] names Gruffud's first wife as Nest daughter of " A l f r e d". By the description given, this was an error for "Amlaib"" oth e r w i s e known as "Olaf", son of Sitric Silkbeard. This author then imme d i a t e ly conflates this lady with Ranulf (actually Rhanillt) ferch Olaf w h o w a s m o ther to the first Gruffudd ap Cynan. Such a Nest would have b e e n b o r n c. 1024 and might have married Gruffudd ap Llewelyn about 1038 a n d b e e n t he mother of Owain ap Gruffudd in 1039
Given this estimated of Gruffudd's marriage year to his first wife, Wol c o t t a t tributes all but one of his legitimate children to her, having h e r d i e , p ossibly in childbirth, before Gruffudd's marriage to Eadgyth i n 1 0 5 5 . < ref name="wolcott210"/>
Other sources disagree with Wolcott's construction of Gruffudd's marria g e s a n d c hildren.
===1037 Succession to Powys===
The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Iago king of Gwyned d w a s s l a in" in 1037 and that "Gruffudd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyl g ov e r n e d in his stead", adding that the latter "from beginning to end pu r s u e d t he Saxons and the other nations and killed and destroyed them.fi r s t . a t Rhyd y Groes on the Severn".
The Gwentian Chronicle goes further, to specify it was Gruffudd who def e a t e d a nd killed "Iago son of Idwal prince of Gwynedd" and "took the go v e r n m ent of Gwynedd and so became king of Wales from the Irish Channel t o t h e S e v ern sea".
===1041 War with Deheubarth and Howel's Wife===
After securing Powys, Gruffudd's turned his attention to Deheubarth. E a r l y i n t he process of conquering Deheubarth, he defeated King Hywel ab E d w i n a n d took his wife as part of "the spoils of war" in 1041 [ Llewelyn-34_Sources>]
Oxford Dictionary of National Biograp h y < b r >Wynn, J (1878). The history of the Gwydir family. Oswestry: Wooda l l a n d V e nables.
Wolcott notes that the three principal versions of the Brut differ as t o w h a t G r uffudd had in mind when he took the lady.
'''Concubine'''
Gruffudd took her for his own[ Brut y Tywysogyo n , P e n i arth Ms 20 version. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Stu d i e s . [ http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Consorts and C h i l d r en of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [[Day-1904|jhd ] ] < / r e f>, i.e. took her for a mistress.]
'''Wife'''
Gruffudd tok her as his own wife [ Brut y Tywy s o g y o n, Red Book of Hergest version. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient W a l e s S t udies. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Conso r t s a n d C hildren of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [[Day - 1 9 0 4 |jhd]] ]
Cawley supports this version. For Cawley there was no earlier wife, an d h e s t a t es that in 1039 Gruffudd married firstly as her second husband , - - - , f o rmerly wife of Hywel, Prince of South Wales, and daughter of - - - . C a w ley cites the Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "G r u f f u dd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyl overcame Howel and captured his w i f e a n d t ook her to be his own wife". Cawley also cites the Gwentian C h r o n i cle which records that "Grufudd son of Llywelyn son of Seisyllt" d e f e a t ed "Hywel son of Edwin and took his wife from him and kept her as h i s c o n c ubine" in 1038.
'''Hostage'''
Took her and controlled her. [Brenhinedd y Sa e s s o n v ersion, Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales Studies. [http : / / w w w.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Consorts and Children of G r u f f u dd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [[Day-1904|jhd]] ] In t h i s v e r sion Gruffudd simply kept Hywel's wife as a hostage, a common oc c u r r e nce in warfare during that era.
Wolcott favors this version since in Wolcott's chronology, Gruffudd alr e a d y h a d a wife, the Irish Nest. In addition, Wolcott suggests the lik e l i h o od that Hywel's wife was a daughter of Earl Leofric of Mercia.[Wolcott states, "We make this identification in the p a p e r " T he 1039 Battle at Rhyd y Groes" elsewhere on this site." Darrel l W o l c o tt, Ancient Wales Studies. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/ id 2 1 0 . html The Consorts and Children of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed J a n 6 , 2 0 1 8. [[Day-1904|jhd]] ] Wolcott suspects that Hywel's wife w a s t a k e n as a bargaining chip in the event Mercia interfered with his p l a n s t o t ake Deheubarth and, indeed, all of Wales.
===1044 King of Gwynedd===
Wolcott notes that while "Gruffudd ap Llewelyn became king of Powys by b i r t h r ight in 1039, he became king of Gwynedd that same year by conquest .
In 1044 Gruffudd went on to become of Deheubarth also by conquest.
===1056 King of All Wales===
By conquest, Gruffdd by 1056 had become king of all the other territori e s w h i c h comprised Wales."
Writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jones states th a t G r u f fudd was an aggressive and powerful ruler of Gwynedd from 1039 t o 1 0 6 3 . A fter a series of attempts to secure the south, he ruled Deheub ar t h f r o m 1055 until his death.[ Llewelyn-34_Sources>O x f o r d D ictionary of National Biography, Wynn, J (1878). The history of t h e G w y d ir family. Oswestry: Woodall and Venables.]
Gruffudd's reign was important for Wales. Territorial gains which he ha d m a d e a l ong the northern frontier as far as Bistre, (Bishopstree, near M o l d ) , a nd which he and Gruffudd ap Rhydderch had made in the south, ext e n d e d W elsh rule eastwards. His alliance with Mercia gave him greater i n f l u e nce in English affairs than any other Welsh ruler of the eleventh c e n t u r y.
===1045 Conflicts===
Boyer notes that Gruffudd ap Llywelyn had been at peace with England si n c e 1 0 3 9, and that in 1045 the brothers Gruffudd ap Rhydderch and Rhys a p R h y d d erch, who had been expelled from the throne of Deheubarth by Edw in o f M e r c ia, stirred up opposition to Gruffudd, who had been rewarded b y E n g l a nd with a grant of all English lands west of the River Dee. Carl Boyer 3rd. Medieval Welsh Ancestors of Certain A m e r i c ans. By the author: Santa Clarita, California, 2004. Gruffudd a p L l y w e lyn is #18 on page 287.
Cawley adds that Gruffudd accompanied Svein Godwinsson, son of Godwin E a r l o f W e ssex, on an expedition into South Wales in 1046. He made hims e l f r u l er of all of Wales.
In 1046, in defense against the sons of Rhydderch, Gruffudd "joined fo r c e s w i th Sweden, the son of Godwin, the Earl of the southern border la n d s , i n a n expedition against the Rhydderch sons. Despite this, in 104 7 , t h e n o bles of Ystrad Towy and Dyfed rose against Gruffudd ap llywely n , w h o l a id waste their territories.
In 1055 Gruffudd ap llywelyn, already king of Gwynedd and Powys, kille d G r u f f udd ap Rhydderch and became King of the Britons in north and sou th , k i n g o f all Wales.
===1052 War with England===
Gruffudd had become the first Welsh ruler since Cadwallon with the powe r t o i n t e rfere in English affairs and in 1052 he joined Aelfgar the out la w, s o n o f L eofric as well as the brother of that Eadwine killed by Gr u ffu d d i n 1 039, against King Edward and Harold of England, and destroye d A r c h e nfield in Herefordshire before retreating to South Wales.
Allied with �lfgar ex-Earl of East Anglia, son of Leofric Earl of Merci a , G r u f fudd invaded England and sacked Hereford Oct 1055. Peace was ne g o t i a ted by Leofric Earl of Mercia and Harold Earl of Wessex, under whi c h G r u f fydd swore allegiance to King Edward "the Confessor".
Leofgar, recently appointed Bishop of Hereford, led an army against Gru f f y d d b ut was defeated and killed 16 Jun 1056[406].
Aelfgar of Mercia was accused of treason in 1055, thereupon joining the N o r s e m en and Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Wales against the English, but he m a d e p e a ce with Harold. [ Carl Boyer, III. Mediev a l W e l s h Ancestors of Certain Americans. By the author. Santa Clarita , C a l i f ornia, 2004. "Mercia", page 259. ]
In 1058 Aelfgar was outlawed a second time, but was restored by Gruffud d a n d N o r se fleet. Gruffudd was then quiet until his father-in-law di ed , b r e a king Gruffudd's last tie to England.
===1055 Marriage to Ealdgyth of Mercia===
Sources agree that Gruffudd married Ealdgyth, or Edith, daughter of Ael f g a r o f M ercia, and probably in her early 20's at the time, born about 1 0 4 1 .
For Wolcott, this was Gruffudd's second marriage and presumed the death o f h i s f i r st wife Nest. He believes the marriage of Gruffudd and Eadgy th w o u l d h ave been about 1055 when Gruffudd and Aelfgar were known to b e a l l i e s.
In Boyer's view, however, it was about 1057 when Edith married Gruffudd a p L l y w e lyn.
Wolcott also seeks to promote disagreement with the supposition of some t h a t A e l dgyth was the same lady that Gruffudd had taken from Hywel in 10 4 1 , n o t ing that the chronology does not fit. The lady widowed in 1063 b o r e 2 s o n s to Harold before 1066, but the lady taken from Hywel would h a v e b e e n in her mid or late 40's by then.
'''Boyer's Alternative''' Carl Boyer offers an alternative construct i o n o f G r uffudd's marriages which present a different number and naming o f G r u f f udd's children. .
For Boyer, Gruffudd married, first, about 1057, as her first husband, [ [ M e r c ia-1|Ealdgyth Mercia]], (or Edith, Ealgyth, Aldgyth) born 1042 in M e r c i a , daughter of Aelfgar (or Elgar), King of Mercia, son of Leofric, s o n o f L e o fwine, the earl of Mercia who died before 1032. Eadgyth's gra n d mo t h er was Lady Godiva.
There is no disagreement that Gruffudd was Eadgyth's first husband and K i n g H a r old the second: Orderic Vitalis records that "Edwinus.et Morcar u s c o m i tes, filii Algari.Edgivam sororem eorum" married firstly "Gritfr i d i . r egis Guallorum" and secondly "Heraldo". In a later passage, the s a m e s o u rce names her "Aldit".
Eadgyth married secondly ([1064/early 1066) Harold II King of England. T h e r e i s n o source which pinpoints the date of Ealdgyth's second marriag e . F r e e man suggests that the absence of any reference to his queen in t h e s o u r ces which record the circumstances of Harold's accession and cor o n a t i on may indicate that his marriage took place afterwards.
Boyer observes that Aelfgar, Ealdgyth's father, was of age in 1051 (the r e f o r e born before 1030), was Earl of East Anglia in 1053, Earl of Merc i a i n 1 0 5 7, was banished in 1058, and died shortly after 1062. He marr i e d A e l fgifu, and they had three known sons, Eadwine, Morkere, and Burc h a n d ( w hose issue is unknown) as well as daughter Ealdgyth.
Regardless of dates and configuration of family, according to Benoit de S a i n t e M ore, a later French writer (see Chroniques Anglo Norm, 1:178), h i s w i f e E aldgyth (Edith) was devoted to him. (DNB, B:749).
===1062 Renewed War with England===
In 1062, after Aelfric, Earl of Mercia died, Gruffudd started raiding E n g l a n d again, moving beyond the Severn. However, at Christmas, Harold w a s s e n t w ith a small force of Norsemen to push him back, and penetrated G r u f f u dd's castle of Rhuddlan. While Gruffudd was able to escape by sea , H a r o l d burned his palace, his ships and his stores. England then lau nc h e d a f u ll-scale campaign against him, led by Tostig Earl of Northumb r i a i n v ading north Wales and Harold raiding the southern coast.
The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Caradoc son of Rhydderch [error fo r s o n o f G r ufudd son of Rhydderch?] son of Iestin hired Harallt to come w i t h a n a r my to S. Wales" and together they defeated Prince Gruffydd in 1 0 6 0 . < r ef name="fmg399"/>
On 26 May 1063 Harold, using Bristol as his base, sailed against Wales a g a i n , n avigating along most of the Welsh coast, while Harold's brother T o s t i g i nvaded by land, plundering Wales until the Welsh people revolted a g a i n s t Gruffudd and drove him into exile.
===1063 Death===
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn was then slain by his own men somewhere in Snowdon i a o n 5 A u g ust 1063.
Wolcott observes that "At his death in 1063, his empire did not surviv e i n t a c t. Whether it might have if his sons had been old enough to suc ce e d h i m i s debatable; they weren't and it didn't."
"When Gruffudd was slain by his own men his head was given to Harold, w h o d e l i vered it to the King of England. Gruffudd's lands were given to h i s h a l f -brothers, Bleddyn and Rhiwallon sons of Cynfyn; they became va s s a l s o f Edward the Confessor and later Harold.
"The "only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales ( j o h n D a vies, 100), Gruffudd was remembered as the ''King of the Britons ' ' b y t h e W elsh, and was described in the Brut y Trwysogion as "the hea d a n d s h i eld and defender of the Britons" [ Dictionary of National B i o g r a phy, 8:750 ]. According to the Gwentian chronocler, "He and h i s f a t h er were the noblest princes that had been, until their time, in W a l e s ; a nd the best for bravery and war, and for peace and for goverment , a n d f o r g enerosity and justice."
===1063 Widow Ealdgyth married Harold===
After Gruffudd's death, his wife Edith married Harold II, King of Engla n d , w h o a lso had many children by a "Danish wife" Edith Swanneck. [ L lewelyn-34_Sources />]
Ealdgyth married second, about 1064, Harold II, Earl of East Anglia, wh o b e c a m e King of England and was slain at Hastings in 1066.
Listed in Domesday in 1086, Ealdgyth had been in turn Queen of Wales an d Q u e e n o f England.
===1069 Death of Surviving Sons===
Grufudd's surviving sons Ithel and Maredudd died in 1069 at the Battle o f M e c h a in[http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id20.html Powys Dynasti c F a m i l y 945-1385],"](_blank)
===Issue===
Gruffudd had children, but who their mothers were reflects the differen t t h e o r ies on who Gruffudd's wives were.
Cawley has Howell's wife as Grufudd's first wife and Eadgyth as the sec o n d w i f e. He shows these children:#Owain, child of first wife (Howell' s w i f e ) . Cawley adds the note that it is not certain Gruffudd was the f a t h e r .
#daughter who married Aelfgar, child of first wife (Howell's wife)
#Maredudd, not certain
#Idwal, not certain
# Nesta, daughter of Grufudd and Eadgyth
Boyer shows these children, all by Ealdgyth except for Cynin:
#Nest (1)
#Maredudd
#Ithel
#Nest (2)
#Idwal
#Cynin, illegitimate
Wolcott -- these children with the first four assigned to the Irish wif e a n d t h e f ifth (second named Nest) to Ealdgyth.
#Owain, born c. 1039, died in 1059
#Ithel, born c. 1041, killed in 1069.
#Maredudd, born c. 1043, died in 1069.
#Nest (1) born c. 1050, married Trahearn ap Caradog. c 1065#Nest (2), b o r n c . 1 0 56, married Osbern fitz reichard c. 1070, had a daughter Nest, b o r n c . 1 0 71, who married Bernard Newmarch.
The various children, supposed and actual, presented in birth order:
#Cynyn, who Wolcott estimates was born about 1029, an unacknowledged an d b a s e - born child reported by Wolco4tt [Llewe l y n a p S e isyll died 1023 ([[#Dictionary]])]). Wolcott believes th a t a t e e n aged Gruffudd seduced the young lady who likely took the resul t ing c h i l d with her when she was later released to marry Trahaearn. Th e c h i l d w as never acknowledged by Gruffudd as his legitimate son. [Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales S t u d i e s. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Consorts an d C h i l d ren of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [[Day-1904| jh d ] ] < / ref>#Maredudd was born about 1043, also a child of Gruffudd and N e s t , a n d died in 1069 after fleeing the battlefield. ][ B oyer states is child of Gruffudd and Edith. ][ # Nest (1) according to Wolcott, was born about 1050 ][ Dwnn ii, 107; LB 7. Cited by Darrell Wolcott, Ancient Wales S t u d i e s. [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id210.html The Consorts an d C h i l d ren of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn] Accessed Jan 6, 2018. [[Day-1904| jh d ] ] < / ref>o Wolcott, was born about 1050 and married Trahaearn ap Car a d o g . # [[Gruffydd-5|Nest (2) or Nesta]], according to Wolcott, was bor n a b o u t 1 056. ]
==Research Notes==
===Legendary Wives===
The following were shown as spouses and children of [[ap Llewelyn-23|Gr u f f u d d ap Llewelyn]], born 1011 but have no factual support and in some c a s e s h a ve contradictory dates. They have been de-linked from Gruffudd. [ [ D a y - 1904|Day-1904]] 06:29, 6 January 2018 (EST)*[[Unknown-197342|Agath a ( U n k n own) ap Llewelyn]]. No birth year. Supposed spouse. *[[Deheub ar t h - 1 |Guereta Deheubarth]], born 1005, Deheubarth, Monmouthshire. Sup p o s e d s pouse. *[[Griffyth-1|Guenta Filae Griffyth]], born Wales, 995. S u p p o s ed child. *[[ferch Gruffydd ap Llywellyn-1|Unknown ferch Gruffyd d a p L l y w ellyn]], born 1039. Supposed child. *[[ap Gruffydd-29|Llewel ly n a p G r u ffydd]], born 1040. Supposed child.
===Appearance in Fictional Ancestries of Scottish Stuart Dynasty===
Gruffydd ap Llewelyn appears in fictional ancestries of the Stuart Dyna s t y o f S c otland in which Walter FitzAlan, the first High Steward of Sco t l a n d i s the son of Alan FitzFlaald (a real person) who in turn is the s o n o f [ [ G riffyth-1|Guenta Filiae Griffyth]], fictional daughter of [[ap L l e w e l yn-23|Gruffydd]]. See [[Space: Legendary Scottish Stewart Ancestr y ] ] . A l so see [[Wikipedia: Alan_fitz_Flaad]].
===Nest and the Scottish Stewart Legend===
In stories of the legendary Banquo and his son Fleance, as recounted in R a p h a e l Holinshead's Chronicles, [ Bevington, David . F o u r T r agedies. Bantam, 1988. ISBN 0-553-21283-4, p.714. Cited by W ik i p e d ia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleance Fleance] Accessed Feb 6 , 2 0 1 8 . [ [Day-1904|jhd]] ] Fleance-in fear of Macbeth???flees to W a l e s a n d marries [[Gruffydd-5|Nesta verch Gruffydd]], daughter of [[ap L l e w e l yn-23|Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], the last native Prince of Wales.
They have a son named Walter who makes his way back to Scotland and is a p p o i n ted Royal Steward. According to legend, he fathered the Stuart mon a r c h s o f England and Scotland. [Shakespeare, Will i a m a n d N icholas Brooke. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Oxford Oxfordshire: Ox f o r d U n iversity Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283417-7, p. 68. Cited by Wikip e d i a . [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleance Fleance] Accessed Feb 6, 2 0 1 8 . [ [ Day-1904|jhd]] ]
Gruffydd's daughter Nest is a real person, but the rest of this account h a s n o b a s is in fact. Neither [[Lochaber-1|Banquo]] nor [[Lochaber-2|Fl e a nc e ] ] ever existed, and the Walter of this story was [[FitzAlan-573|W a l t e r F itzAlan]], son of [[FitzFlaald-16|Alan FitzFlaald]]. Alan began h i s l i f e i n Brittany but was awarded lands by King Henry in Shropshire, a d j a c e nt to Wales. Walter grew up in Shropshire and moved on to Scotlan d t o s e r v e the kings there as High Steward of Scotland.
== Sources ==
See also:
* https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn
* Dictionary of Welsh Biography, the National Library of Wales :**[http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-GRUF-APL-1063.html Gruffudd ap Lly w e l y n ], article by Professor Thomas Jones, D.Litt., Aberystwyth **[http : / / w b o.llgc.org.uk/en/s-LLYW-APS-1023.html Llywelyn ap Seisyll], articl e b y P r o f essor Thomas Jones Pierce, M.A., F.S.A., (1905-1964), Aberystw yt h * * [ h ttp://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-MARE-ABO-0999.html Maredudd ab Owain a p H y w e l D da] (father of Angharad), article by Professor Thomas Jones Pi er c e , M . A., F.S.A., (1905-1964), Aberystwyth
:See also:
* Wikipedia:**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn Gruff y d d a p L l ywelyn]**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Seisyll Ll y w e l y n ap Seisyll]**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wa l e s R u l ers of Wales]**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys#R u l e r s _of_Powys Rulers of Powys] (accessed July 13, 2015): House of Mana w : * * * " Llywelyn ap Seisyll (999-1023), son of Anghered by her first hus b a n d . A nghered is the daughter of Maredudd ab Owain" '''note''': Angher e d w a s L l ywelyn's wife, not his mother. Llywelyn was her first husband. W i k i p e dia's article on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Seisyl l L l y w e lyn] has the relationship correct.
***"Rhydderch ap Iestyn (1023-1033)"
***"Iago ap Idwal (1033-1039)"
***"Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (1039-1063)"
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1011 - 1063 (52 years)
