Timeline: Porleifur Árnason: Our Family History

	Date	Event(s)
1	1383	1383—99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
2	1574	1574—1738: Colonial State Papers published continued to 1738
3	1630	1630—1750: Renaissance Period - Art and Antiques 1630—1750: Baroque Period (Art and Antiques)
4	1636	1636—1755: PRE-DEPORTATION PERIOD
5	1649	1649—1660: Commonwealth period - Oliver Cromwell 12 1649—3 Sep 1658: Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector Commonwealth & Protectorate:
6	1653	1653—1660: Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London
7	1658	1658—1658: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector (-1660) 1658—1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell 1658—1660: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector 9 Mar 1658—24 May 1659: Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver. Resigned May 25, 1659 3 Sep 1658—3 Sep 1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell
8	1659	1659—1659: Start of national meteorological Temperature records in the UK 1659—1659: 6th February - date of first known cheque to be drawn 1659—1659: Lake Superior explored Pierre-Esprit Radisson & Sieur des Groseilliers explore Lake Superior 6 Feb 1659—6 Feb 1659: Date of first known bank cheque to be drawn
9	1660	1660—1660: Commonwealth registers ended, Parish Registers resumed 1660—1660: Provincial Probate Courts re-established 1660—1660: Clarendon code restricts Puritans' religious freedom 1660—1660: Composition of light discovered by Newton 1660—1660: Honourable East India Company founded by British 1660—1660: 1st January - Samuel Pepys starts his diary 29th May - Restoration of British Monarchy - Oak Apple Day - Theartres reopened{\n}Commonwealth registers ended, Parish registers resumed{\n}Provincial Probate Courtds re-established{\n}Oct: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn - Thomas H 1660—1660: Quaker-Scottish colony was established in East New Jersey 1660—1685: King Charles II King Charles II ( 1660 - 1685 ) {\n}{\n}1660 - Charles returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne.{\n}1662 - Act of Uniformity compels Puritans to accept the doctrines of the Church of England or leave the church.{\n}1665 - Outbreak of 1660—1660: Restoration Period 1660—1660: Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in the Black Forest region 1 Jan 1660—1 Jan 1660: Samuel Pepys starts his diary 5 May 1660—6 Feb 1685: Charles II House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from Jan 30, 1649. 29 May 1660—29 May 1660: Restoration of British monarchy (Charles II) - 'Oak Apple Day' - theatres reopened 17 Oct 1660—17 Oct 1660: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn 28 Nov 1660—28 Nov 1660: Twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society 8 Dec 1660—8 Dec 1660: First actress plays in London (Margaret Hughes as Desdemona)
10	1661	1661—1661: Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland 1661—1661: Board of Trade founded in London 1661—1661: Hand-struck postage stamps first used 1661—1661: Corporation Act prevents non-Anglicans from holding municipal office 1661—1661: Persectution of Non-Conformists in England Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland{\n}Board of Trade founded in London{\n}Hand-struck postage stamps first used{\n}Corporation Act prevents non-anglicans from holding municipal office 30 Jan 1661—30 Jan 1661: Oliver Cromwell formally 'executed', having been dead for over two years!
11	1662	1662—1662: 'Hearth Tax' introduced - until 1689 (1690 in Scotland) 1662—1662: Poor Relief Act or Act of Settlement' - gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin (repealed 1834) 1662—1662: Tea introduced to Britain 1662—1662: Hearth Tax Poor Relief Act "Act of Settlement" - gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin{\n}Act of Uniformity - about 2,00 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyerians and Independants){\n}Persectution 24 Aug 1662—24 Aug 1662: Act of Uniformity - Acceptance of Book of Common Prayer required - About 2,000 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyterians and Independents) - Persecution of all non-conformists - Presbyterianism dis-established - E
12	1663	1663—1663: Earliest Roman Cathilic registers 1663—1663: Great Québec earthquake 1663—1663: Québec becomes a crown colony (royal province) of France 1663—1663: James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope
13	1664	29 May 1664—29 May 1664: Oak Apple Day - the birthday of Charles II and the day when he entered London at the Restoration; commanded by Act of Parliament in 1664 to be observed as a day of thanksgiving. A special service (expunged in 1859) was inserted in the Book of Common Pray 27 Aug 1664—27 Aug 1664: Nieuw Amsterdam becomes New York as 300 English soldiers under Col. Mathias Nicolls take the town from the Dutch under orders from Charles II. The town is renamed after the King's brother James, Duke of York
14	1665	1665—1665: Great Plague of London (July-October) kills over 60,000 1665—1665: Five-mile Act restricts non-conformist ministers in Britain 1665—1665: Great Plague of London 7 Nov 1665—7 Nov 1665: The ?London Gazette' first published - one of the official journals of record of the United Kingdom government and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United Kingdom
15	1666	1666—1666: Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester 1666—1666: Newton formulated Laws of Gravity 1666—1666: 2nd to 6th September; Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27th June{\n}Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester{\n}Act of Parliament - burials to be in woollen 1666—1689: Considerable religious unrest on Scotland (The Covenanteers) Covenanteers Rising at St. John's Town of Dalry 1666—1666: First New World Census Census taken by Intendant Jean Talon in New France of 3215 inhabitants 2 Sep 1666—2 Sep 1666: Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27 June (2-6 Sep)
16	1667	1667—1667: Treaty of Breda Acadia is recognized as a French possession
17	1668	1668—1668: British East India Company obtains control of Bombay 1668—1668: Newton constructs reflecting telescope 1668—1668: Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope
18	1669	1669—1669: Earliest Lutheran registers survive from this year 31 May 1669—31 May 1669: Last entry in Pepys's diary
19	1670	1670—1670: Treaty of Breda 1670—1670: Earliest Synagogue registers - Bevis Marks 1670—1670: Dom Pérignon invents Champagne 1670—1670: The first reference to a candy cane is made 5 Feb 1670—2 May 1670: Hudson's Bay Company formed Hudson's Bay Company granted trade rights over all territory draining into Hudson's Bay 26 May 1670—26 May 1670: King Charles II and King Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover
20	1671	1671—1671: First Acadian Census The population of Acadia numbering 340 is enumerated for its first census. 1671—1671: Census of Acadia First census of Acadians in Port Royal, New France, counts 340 1671—1671: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine 9 May 1671—9 May 1671: Thomas Blood caught stealing the Crown Jewels
21	1672	1672—1672: Founding of Beaubassin Beaubassin in the Chignecto Region is established 1672—1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland 1672—1672: War with Holland (to 1674) - British Army increased to 10,000 men 1672—1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland War with Holland - British Army increased to 10,000 men 1672—1678: Comte de Frontenac governs New France
22	1673	1673—1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office 1673—1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office 1673—1673: First European settlement in Great Lakes Region Fort Cataraqui (later Fort Frontenac) established by the French
23	1674	10 Nov 1674—10 Nov 1674: Treaty of Westminster - Netherlands cedes New Netherlands (on the eastern coast of North America) to Britain
24	1675	1675—1675: Beginning of Whig party under Shaftsbury 1675—1675: Rebuilding of St Paul's started by Wren (completed 1710) 1675—1675: Beginning of Whig Party under Shaftsbury 10th August; Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started 1675—1675: Christian Huygens patents the pocket watch 4 Mar 1675—4 Mar 1675: John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England 7 Apr 1675—12 Aug 1676: King Philip's War New England colonies vs Wampanoag, Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians 10 Aug 1675—10 Aug 1675: Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started
25	1676	1676—1676: Compton Census, named after its initiator Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was intended to discover the number of Anglican conformists, Roman Catholic recusants and Protestant dissenters in England and Wales from enquiries made in individual parishes 1676—1676: Robert Hooke invents the universal joint
26	1677	1677—1677: Lee's Collection of Names of Merchants in London' published 1677—1677: Lee's "Collection of Names of Merchants in London" published
27	1678	1678—1678: Extension of Test Act to peers 1678—1678: Extension of Test Act to peers 1678—1678: The first edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britiannica" published - in Edinburgh by William Smellie 1678—1678: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
28	1679	1679—1679: Tories first so named 1679—1679: 27th May: Haveas Corpus Act became law in England (Later repealed from time to time){\n}Tories first so named{\n}Battle of Bothwell Brig in Scotland{\n}Buriel in Woolen more strictly enforced 1679—1679: Denis Papin invents the pressure cooker 27 May 1679—27 May 1679: Habeas Corpus Act becomes law in England - (later repealed from time to time)
29	1680	1680—1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post 1680—1680: Dodo becomes extinct in Mauritius through over-hunting 1680—1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post 1680—1770: Chinoiserie Period (Art and Antiques)
30	1681	1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament 1681—1681: Oil lighting first used in London streets 1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament Oil lighting first used in London streets.
31	1682	1682—1682: Founding of Grand-Pré Grand-Pré located in Minas is founded. It will become the bread basket of Acadia. 1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn 1682—1682: Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland 1682—1682: Halley observes the comet which bears his name 1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland
32	1683	1683—1683: Wild boar become extinct in Britain 1683—1683: 6th June: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum on Britain 6 Jun 1683—6 Jun 1683: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum in Britain
33	1684	1684—1684: Presbyterian settlement in Stuart's Town in South Carolina Huguenot registers begin in London
34	1685	1685—1685: James the Second (1685-1689, died 1701) - Monmouth rebellion and battle of Sedgemoor - British Army raised to 20,000 men 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's Invasion of Scotland 1685—1685: Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's invasion of Scotland James II (1689-1689 died 1701){\n}Monmouth Rebellion and Battle of Sedgemoor{\n}British Army raised to 20,000 men{\n}Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported{\n}Revocation of the Edict of Nantes - drove thousands of Proestants 1685—1688: King James II King James II ( 1685 - 1688 ) {\n}{\n}1685 - James succeeds his brother, Charles II.{\n}1685 - Rebellion of the Earl of Argyll in Scotland designed to place the Duke of Monmouth, Charles II's illegitimate son, on the throne is crushed and Argyll is execut 2 Jun 1685—13 Feb 1689: James II House of Stuart (restored): 2nd son of Charles I. Deposed 1688, interregnum Dec 11, 1688, to Feb 13, 1689
35	1686	1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs 1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs 1686—1686: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
36	1687	1687—1687: St-Charles des Mines Church is built at Grand-Pré 4 Apr 1687—4 Apr 1687: James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists 5 Jul 1687—5 Jul 1687: Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' - written in Latin
37	1688	1688—1688: British Army raised to 40,000 1688—1688: Bill of Rights limits the powers of the monarchy over parliament 1688—1688: Hearth Tax abolished 1688—1688: Mutiny Act 1688—1688: February: Edward Lloyds Coffee House - later became Lloyd's of London November: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates{\n}William of Orange lands in England{\n}William of Hanover and Mary daughter of James II, jointly take the throne - (only William, however, has regal power){\n}British Army raised to 40,000{\n}Bill of Feb 1688—Feb 1688: Edward Lloyd's Coffee House opens - later became Lloyd's of London Nov 1688—Nov 1688: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates 5 Nov 1688—5 Nov 1688: William of Orange lands at Torbay Dec 1688—Dec 1688: Siege of Londonderry (began Dec 1688; ended 28 Jul 1689)
38	1689	1689—1689: Devonport naval dockyard established 1689—1702: King William III and Queen Mary II King William III and Queen Mary II ( 1689 - 1702 ) {\n}{\n}1689 - Parliament draws up the Declaration of Right detailing the unconstitutional acts of James II. William and Mary become joint sovereigns.{\n}1689 - Bill of Rights is passed in Parliament.{\n} 1689—1689: Deposed James VII and II flees to Ireland Defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1690){\n}Earliest Royal Dutch Chapel registers{\n}Seige of Londonderry{\n}Toleration Act for Protestant non-conformists{\n}Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland 1689—1697: King William's War English Colonies vs France 1689—1701: French - Five Nations Indian war 13 Feb 1689—13 Feb 1689: William III and Mary II, daughter of James II, jointly take the throne (only William, however, has regal power) 12 Mar 1689—12 Mar 1689: Deposed James VII & II flees to Ireland - defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1 Jul 1690) 24 May 1689—24 May 1689: Toleration Act passed for Protestant non-conformists 27 Jul 1689—27 Jul 1689: Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland - Jacobites defeated Government troops but at high cost 16 Dec 1689—16 Dec 1689: Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, ending King's divine right to raise taxes or wage war 2 1689—28 Dec 1694: William III and Mary II House of Stuart (restored): Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, daughter of Charles I. Mary eldest daughter of James II. She died 1694.
39	1690	1690—1690: The British capture Port-Royal Port-Royal is captured by the British. It will be renamed Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. 1690—1690: Great Synagogue founded Presbyterian fonally established in Scotland{\n}Battle of the Boyne 1690—1690: Port-Royal captured British capture Port-Royal and rename it to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 1690—1690: The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland. 20 May 1690—20 May 1690: England passes Act of Grace, forgiving Roman Catholic followers of James II
40	1691	1691—1691: Earliest date in known German Lutheran registers 1691—1691: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland
41	1692	1692—1692: Land Tax introduced - originally designed as an annual tax on personal estate, public offices and land. For practical purposes, however, assessors tended to avoid assessing items of wealth other than landed property so that it became known as the Land Ta 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to nothing 1692—1692: The Massacre of Glencoe Clan Campbell side with the king and murder members of the Clan McDonald (1691?) 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to naught 13 Feb 1692—13 Feb 1692: The massacre of Glencoe - Clan Campbell sides with King William and murders members of Clan McDonald
42	1693	1693—1693: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1693—1693: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 4 Aug 1693—4 Aug 1693: Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Pierre P?rignon 's invention of Champagne
43	1694	1694—1694: National Debt came into effect in England 1694—1694: Stamp Duties introduced into Britain from Holland 1694—1694: Mary II death leaves William III as sole ruler 1694—1694: Triennial Act, new Parliamentary elections every three years 1694—1694: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane (-1699) 1694—1694: National Deb came into effect in England Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot){\n}Triennial Act 1694—1699: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane 27 Jul 1694—27 Jul 1694: Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot) 12 1694—8 Mar 1702: William III House of Stuart (restored): Reigned alone after death of Mary II
44	1695	1695—1695: Freedom of Press in England granted 1695—1695: Bank of Scotland founded 1695—1695: Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed 1706) 1695—1695: Start of Dissenters' lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish church - some were named 'Papist' and others 'Protestants' 1695—1695: Freedom of the Press Bank of Scotland founded{\n}Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed in 1706){\n}Start of "Dissenters" lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish churc 1695—1695: Census of Acadia Census of St. Jean River Acadians
45	1696	1696—1696: Act of Parliament establishes Workhouses Education Act passed by Scottish Parliament{\n}Window Tax (replaced Hearth Tax) increased in 1747; abolished in 1851)
46	1697	1697—1697: Treaty of Ryswick 1697—1697: 2nd December - Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral 2 Dec 1697—2 Dec 1697: Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral
47	1698	1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Capt Thomas Savery 1698—1698: Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama 1698—1698: Duties (taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Captain Thomas Savery Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama{\n}Duties (Taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 1698—1698: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1698—1698: Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump 4 Jan 1698—4 Jan 1698: Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London destroyed by fire 14 Nov 1698—14 Nov 1698: Eddystone Lighthouse (Henry Winstanley's) first lit; completed 10 days earlier
48	1700	1700—1700: Population in England and Scotland approx 7.5 million 1700—1700: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
49	1701	1701—1701: Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the British throne 1701—1701: Founding of Petitcodiac 1701—1701: Act of Parliament bars Catholice from the British throne 1701—1701: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1701—1701: Jethro Tull invents the seed drill 23 May 1701—23 May 1701: After being convicted of piracy and murdering William Moore, Captain William Kidd hanged in London
50	1702	1702—1702: 8th March - Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11th March - First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735){\n}War of Spanish Succession (1702- 1713) 1702—1714: Queen Anne Queen Anne ( 1702 - 1714 ) {\n}{\n}1702 - Anne succeeds her brother-in-law, William III.{\n}1702 - England declares war on France in the War of the Spanish Succession{\n}1704 - English, Bavarian, and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at 1702—1714: Queen Ann Period (Art & Antiques) 1702—1713: Queen Anne's War English Colonies vs France 1702—1702: War of Spanish Succession 8 Mar 1702—8 Mar 1702: Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11 Mar 1702—11 Mar 1702: First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735) 3 Aug 1702—1 Aug 1714: Anne House of Stuart (restored): 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs
51	1703	1703—1703: Eighth Acadian census With a population of 1,450, the Acadians are enumerated again. 1703—1703: Repeal of Duties on entries in Parish Registers Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 1703—1703: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France counts 1,450 4 Aug 1703—4 Aug 1703: British take Gibraltar 24 Nov 1703—24 Nov 1703: Climate: Most violent storms of the millennium cause vast damage across southern England - about a third of Britain's merchant fleet lost, and Eddystone lighthouse destroyed on 27 November (Nov 24 - Dec 2)
52	1704	1704—1704: Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 1704—1704: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland listing only heads of families 13 Aug 1704—13 Aug 1704: Battle of Blenheim
53	1705	1705—1705: Isaac Newton knighted (for his work at the Royal Mint) 1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newcomen (some say c1710 or 1711) 1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newman
54	1706	1706—1706: First evening newspaper The Evening Post' issued in London
55	1707	1707—1707: 1st January - Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading pri Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March{\n}1st May - English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - {\n}the Kingdom of Great Britian established{\n}Last use of veto by a British sovereign 1707—1707: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1707—1707: The Act of Union is formed between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain. 16 Jan 1707—16 Jan 1707: Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading privileges - Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March 1 May 1707—1 May 1707: English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - The Kingdom of Great Britain established - largest free-trade area in Europe at the time
56	1708	1708—1708: Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls 1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland 1708—1708: Queen Anne's war breaks out Queen Anne's war breaks out and there is unrest with the British. 1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls 1708—1708: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
57	1709	1709—1709: Bad harvests throughout Europe - bread riots in Britain 1709—1709: First Copyright Act pass 1709—1709: Second Eddystone lighthouse completed 1709—1709: First Copyright Act passed 1709—1709: Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano 2 Feb 1709—2 Feb 1709: Alexander Selkirk rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe (published in 1719) by Daniel Defoe
58	1710	1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures introduced 1710—1710: Port-Royal falls to the British Port-Royal falls to the British one last time and now called Annapolis Royal after Queen Anne. 1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures
59	1711	1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 1711—1711: Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork 11 Aug 1711—11 Aug 1711: First race meeting at Ascot 8 1711—23 Aug 1711: British Fleet runs aground on Ile-aux-Oeufs 950 drown while preparing to attack Québec
60	1712	1712—1712: Toleration Act passed - first relief to non-Anglicans 1712—1712: Last trial for witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham) 1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1853) 1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1835) Last trial of witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham){\n}Toleration Act passed{\n}First relief to non-Anglicans{\n}Patronage Act - patronage of ministers restored 1712—1712: Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine
61	1713	1713—1713: By this year there are some 3,000 coffee houses in London 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht. Acadia now belongs to England and never again returns to France. 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht concludes the Was of the Spanish Succession 1713—1713: Nova Scotia created Britain renames Acadia to Nova Scotia 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht Britain gets possession of Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Acadia -- except for Ile Royale (Cape Breton)
62	1714	1714—1714: Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism 1714—1714: Schism Act, prevents Dissenters from being schoolmasters in England 1714—1714: Longitude Act: prize of ?20,000 offered to the inventor of a workable method of determining a ship's longitude (won by John Harrison in 1773 for his chronometer). 1714—1714: 1st August - Queen Anne Stuart died - George I Hanover becomes king Chancery Proceedings filed under Six Clerics{\n}Schism Act{\n}Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism{\n}Quater Sessions Records from this date often mention Protestant dissenters and Roman Cathilic Recusants 1714—1727: King George I King George I ( 1714 - 1727 ) {\n}{\n}1714 - George I, the first Hanoverian King, succeeds his distant cousin, Anne.{\n}1714 - A new Parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority led by Robert Walpole. {\n}1715 - The Jacobite rising begins in Scotland 1714—1714: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 8 Jan 1714—Oct 1727: George I House of Hanover: Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sohia, granddaughter of James I. Proclaimed King under Act of Settlement 1 Aug 1714—1 Aug 1714: Queen Anne Stuart dies - George I Hanover becomes king (1714-1727).
63	1715	1715—1715: Second Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender ('The Fifteen') 1715—1715: Riot Act passed Second Jacobire rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender (the fifteenth) 1715—1715: Scots support James Edward Stuart as the king of Great Britain. Called the first Jacobite rebellion. 1 Aug 1715—1 Aug 1715: Riot Act passed
64	1716	1716—1716: Climate: Thames frozen so solid that a spring tide lifted the ice bodily 13ft without interrupting the frost fair 1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 (until 1911) 1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 1716—1716: Census of Acadia Census of Port Toulouse Acadians
65	1717	1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Value of the golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings 1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Edmond Halley invents the diving bell
66	1719	1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising 1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising
67	1720	1720—1720: Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England 1720—1720: Manufacturing towns start to increase in population - rise of new wealth 1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Exchange Alley - government assumes control of National Debt 1720—1720: The French begin construction of the fortress at Louisbourg The fortress at Louisbourg begins construction. 1720—1720: Irish Famine 1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Esxchange Alley Manufacturing towns start to0 increase in population - rise of new wealth
68	1721	1721—1721: Robert Walpole (whig) becaomes first Prime Minister (to 1742) Bailey's Northern Directory 2 Apr 1721—2 Apr 1721: Robert Walpole (Whig) becomes first Prime Minister (to 1742)
69	1722	1722—1722: Knatchbull's Act, poor laws 1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland 1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland Knatchbull's Act, poor law 1722—1722: French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher
70	1723	1723—1723: The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse 1723—1723: The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching - repealed in 1827 1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate 1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching{\n}The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse 1723—1726: Drummer's War
71	1724	1724—1724: Longman's founded (Britain's oldest publishing house) 1724—1724: Rapid growth of gin drinking in England 1724—1724: Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer
72	1725	1725—1726: Treaty of Hanover: France, Prussia, England v. Spain, Austria 12 1725—15 Dec 1725: Indian Treaties Signed Treaties between Eastern Aboriginal Peoples and Great Britain
73	1726	1726—1726: Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison 1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh 1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison
74	1727	1727—1727: Board of Manufacturers established in Scotland 1727—1727: Board of Manufactoring established in Scotland 11th June George I died - George II Hanover becomes king 1727—1760: King George II King George II ( 1727 - 1760 ) {\n}{\n}1727 - George succeeds his father, George I.{\n}1732 - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America.{\n}1737 - Death of George's wife, Queen Caroline.{\n}1738 - John and Charles Wesley start the 11 Jun 1727—11 Jun 1727: George I dies - George II Hanover becomes king 6 Nov 1727—25 Oct 1760: George II House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg
75	1729	1729—1729: Methodists begin in Oxford 9 Nov 1729—9 Nov 1729: Treaty of Seville signed between Britain, France and Spain - Britain maintained control of Port Mahon and Gibraltar
76	1730	1730—1730: Irish famine 1730—1750: Rococo Period (Art and Antiques)
77	1731	1731—1731: Invention of sextant by John Hadley 1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull [others say 1701] 1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull Invention of sextant by John Hadley
78	1732	1732—1732: Earliest Cavalry and Infantry Muster Rolls 7 Dec 1732—7 Dec 1732: Covent Garden Opera House opens
79	1733	1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle, revolutionised the weaving industry 1733—1733: Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: Excise crisis: Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine - Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax 1733—1733: Excise crisis; Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax{\n}Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle
80	1734	1734—1734: Kent's Directory published 1734—1734: Kent's Directory
81	1737	1737—1737: Licensing Act restricts the number of London theatres and subects plays to censorship of the Lord Chamberlain (till 1950s)
82	1738	1738—1738: Earliest Calvinistic Methodist registers John Wesley has his conversion experience 24 May 1738—24 May 1738: John Wesley has his conversion experience
83	1739	1739—1739: Wesley and Whitefield commence great Methodist revival 1739—1739: Wesley and Whitefield commence great Methodist revival 1739—1739: Last French-rule census 7 Apr 1739—7 Apr 1739: Dick Turpin, highwayman, hanged at York 23 Oct 1739—23 Oct 1739: War of Jenkins' Ear starts: Robert Walpole reluctantly declares war on Spain
84	1741	1741—1741: Benjamin Ingham founded the Moravian Methodists or Inghamites - Earliest Moravian registers 1741—1741: Benjamin Ingham founded the Moravian Methodist or Inghamites Earliest Moravian registers{\n}Earliest Scotch Church registers
85	1742	1742—1742: England goes to war with Spain - incited by William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) for the sake of trade 1742—1742: England goes to war with Spain - incited by William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) for sake of trade 1742—1742: 16th June Battle of Dettingen - last time British soveriegn (George II) led troops into battle
86	1743	16 Jun 1743—16 Jun 1743: (June 27 in Gregorian calendar): Battle of Dettingen - last time a British sovereign (George II) led troops in battle
87	1744	1744—1744: Tune 'God Save the King' makes its appearance 1744—1744: Church of Scotland split over taking of Burgess' Oath - Burghers and Anti Burghers{\n}First Methodist Conference 1744—1748: King George's War French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744—1744: War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War) European war sets England against France 4 Sep 1744—9 Apr 1744: Great Britain declares war against France New France vs British in Nova Scotia 3 Nov 1744—11 Mar 1744: France declares war against England New France vs British in Nova Scotia
88	1745	1745—1745: Jacobite rebellion in Scotland ('The Forty-five') 1745—1745: Jacobite rebellion in Scotland (The Forty-Five) August - Bonnie Prince Charlies (The Young Pretender) lands in the western Highlands - raises support among Episcopalian and Catholic clans - The Pretender's army invades Perth, Edinburgh and England as far as Derby 1745—1745: Louisbourg taken from France Louisbourg captured by Gov. William Shirley of Massachusetts 1745—1745: Scots support James' son Charles Edward Stuart as the king of Great Britain. Called the second Jacobite rebellion. 1745—1745: E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor 19 Aug 1745—19 Aug 1745: Bonnie Prince Charlie (The Young Pretender) lands in the western Highlands - raises support among Episcopalian and Catholic clans - The Pretender's army invades Perth, Edinburgh, and England as far as Derby
89	1746	1746—1746: English defeat the forces of Charles Edward Stuart in the Battle of Culloden. After this battle, the English executed many clan chiefs and outlawed kilts and bagpipes. These restrictions were removed in 1782. 16 Apr 1746—16 Apr 1746: Battle of Culloden - last battle fought in Britain - 5,000 Highlanders routed by the Duke of Cumberland and 9,000 loyalists Scots - Young Pretender Charles flees to Continent, ending Jacobite hopes forever - the wearing of the kilt prohibited 4 1746—16 Apr 1746: Battle of Culloden 16th April - last battle fought in Britain - 5000 Highlanders routed by the Duke of Cumberland and 9000 loyalists Scots - Young Pretender Charles flees to Continent, ending Jacobite hopes forever - the wearing of the kilt prohibited
90	1747	1747—1747: Act for Pacification of the Highlands 1747—1747: Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland 1747—1747: Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland Act of Pacification of the Highlands
91	1748	1748—1756: Couontess Huntington's (Calvanistic) Methodist Connexion founded 1748—1748: Treaty of Aix-de-Chapelle ends French-British war returns Louisbourg to France
92	1749	1749—1749: Founding of Halifax The English found Halifax and bring 2,576 English settlers to populate and settle the land. 1749—1749: Britain founds Halifax 2,576 English settlers brought to Halifax to counter French presence at Louisbourg 27 Apr 1749—27 Apr 1749: First performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (in Green Park, London) 8 1749—15 Aug 1749: Treaty signed to renew the 1725 Indian Treaties N.S. Gov. Cornwallis and Malecites sign treaty
93	1750	1750—1805: Neo-Classical Period (Art and Antiques) 1750—1770: Gothic Revival Period (Art and Antiques) Feb 1750—Feb 1750: Series of earthquakes in London and the Home Counties cause panic with predictions of an apocalypse (Feb/Mar) 16 Nov 1750—16 Nov 1750: Original Westminster Bridge opened (replaced in 1862 due to subsidence)
94	1751	Mar 1751—Mar 1751: Chesterfield's Calendar Act passed - royal assent to the bill was given on 22 May 1751 - decision to adopt Gregorian Calendar in 1752: In and throughout all his
95	1752	1752—1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor 1752—1752: Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England (3rd September) - making this September 14th - "Give us back our 11 days!"{\n}Year standard to end 31st December (previously March 24) 1752—1752: Census of Ile St-Jean Sieur de la Rocque census of Prince Edward Island 1752—1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod 1 Jan 1752—1 Jan 1752: Beginning of the year 1752 [Scotland had adopted January as the start of the year in 1600, and some other countries in Europe had adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1582] 3 Sep 1752—3 Sep 1752: Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England and Scotland, making this Sep 14 11 1752—22 Nov 1752: Treaty signed to renew the 1725 Indian Treaties N.S. Gov. Cornwallis and Micmac sign treaty 3 1752—23 Mar 1752: First newspaper printed in Canada The Halifax Gazette begins publication
96	1753	1753—1753: Private collection of Sir Hans Sloane forms the basis of the British Museum 1753—1753: Earliest Inghamite registers 1753—1753: French defeat George Washington's military campaign 1 May 1753—1 May 1753: Publication of ?Species Plantarum' by Linnaeus and the formal start date of plant taxonomy
97	1754	1754—1754: First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India 1754—1754: In the General Election, the Cow Inn at Haslemere, Surrey caused a national scandal by subdividing the freehold to create eight votes instead of one 1754—1754: Hardwicke Act (1753): Banns to be called, and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used - Quakers & Jews exempt 1754—10 Feb 1763: The French and Indian War The French and Indian War 1754—1754: Hardwicke Act (1753 Banns to be called and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used{\n}Quakers and Jews Exempt{\n}First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India{\n}First printed Annual Army Lists 1754—1754: French and Indian War France & Indians fight British
98	1755	1755—1755: Period of canal construction began in Britain (till 1827) 1755—1755: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language' by Dr Samuel Johnson 1755—1763: DEPORTATION PERIOD 1755—1827: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language by Dr, Johnson Period of canal construction began in Britian 1755—1755: Postal Service established British establish service in Halifax, Nova Scotia 1755—1763: The Great Expulsion Over 10,000 Acadians forced from their Nova Scotia homes by British Governor Charles Lawrence 1755—1755: Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary 9 Feb 1755—2 Sep 1755: Deportation of the Acadian population The Acadian Diaspora/Deportation begins and will go on for years. On this date in 1755, Colonel John Winslow proclaimed the Deportation Order. 2 Dec 1755—2 Dec 1755: Second Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed by fire
99	1756	1756—1756: The Seven Year War with France (Pitt's trade was) begins 1756—1763: French and Indian War Also known as Seven Years War. French Colonies vs Great Britain 1756—Feb 1763: Europe's Seven Years' War - North America's French-Indian war Montcalm commands French troops against British and Indians in North America 15 May 1756—15 May 1756: The Seven Years War with France (Pitt's trade war) begins Jun 1756—Jun 1756: Black Hole of Calcutta - 146 Britons imprisoned, most die according to British sources
100	1757	1757—1757: The foundation laid for the Empire of India 1757—1757: India - The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British - but is defeated at the battle of Plassy {\n}The East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive{\n}Black Hole of Calcutta{\n}The foundation laid for the Empire of India 1757—1757: John Campbell invents the sextant 14 Mar 1757—14 Mar 1757: Admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth for failing to relieve Minorca 23 Jun 1757—23 Jun 1757: The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British, but is defeated at the battle of Plassey (Palashi, June 23) - the East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive
101	1758	1758—1758: India stops being merely a commercial venture - England begins dominating it politically - The East India Company retains its monopoly although it ceased to trade 1758—1758: Deportation of the Acadians at Ile Ste Jean (PEI) Acadians who had gone to Ile Ste Jean/Prince Edward Island earlier in agreement with the British Government, or who had fled there later, are deported to France. A group escapes to Malpèque and is not discovered. Later they will be part of the founding fa 1758—1758: Acadians on Ile Royale/Cape Breton are deported to France 1758—1758: India stops being merely a commercial venture England begins dominating itpolitically{\n}The East India Comp-any retains its monopoly although is ceased to trade 1758—1758: Acadian deportation Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island's Acadians deported to France -- three ships of Acadians sink. Other Acadians flee 1758—1758: British capture Fort Louisburg French power declines 1758—1758: Dolland invents a chromatic lens
102	1759	1759—1759: Wesley builds 356 Methodist chapels 1759—1759: British Museum opens to the public in London (15th Jan) March The first predicted retunr of Halley's comet{\n}Welsey builds 356 Methodist Chapels 1759—1761: Cherokee War English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 15 Jan 1759—15 Jan 1759: British Museum opens to the public in London 16 Oct 1759—16 Oct 1759: Third Eddystone Lighthouse (John Smeaton's) completed 9 1759—13 Sep 1759: Battle of the Plains of Abraham General James Wolfe defeats Montcalm but both die (New France Ends--British North America begins)
103	1760	1760—1760: Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland 1760—1820: King George III King George III ( 1760 - 1820 ) {\n}{\n}1760 - George becomes king on the death of his grandfather, George II.{\n}1762 - The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. Bute proves so unpopular that he needs to have a bodyguard.{\n}1763 - Peace of Paris end 1760—1760: George II dies (25th October) George III Hanover, his grandson becomes king{\n}The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called "first Industrial Revolution"{\n}Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland{\n}5th May First use of hangman's drop - last nobleman to be executed (La 5 May 1760—5 May 1760: First use of hangman's drop 2 Oct 1760—10 Feb 1760: British capture Quebec 3 Oct 1760—25 Jun 1761: Peace treaties between Micmac and British Micmac recognize British dominion over Nova Scotia 25 Oct 1760—25 Oct 1760: George II dies - George III Hanover, his grandson, becomes king. The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called first Industrial Revolution' 2 1760—23 Feb 1760: Treaty signed to end war Malecites & Passamaquoddys sign treaty acknowledging King George III as Sovereign 10 1760—29 Jan 1820: George III House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg
104	1761	1761—1761: Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude 16 Jan 1761—16 Jan 1761: British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
105	1762	1762—1762: Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba 1762—1762: Earliest Unitarian registers France surrenders Canada and Florida{\n}Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba
106	1763	1763—1763: Treaty of Paris - gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - (Newfoundland [fishing], Guadaloupe and Martininque [sugar], Dakar [gum]) - but English displaces French as the international language 1763—1763: Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris. The Seven Years War between France and England ends. All of France's North American possessions now belong to England. 1763—1884: POST-DEPORTATION PERIOD 1763—1763: Treaty of Paris gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - Newfoundland (fishing), Guadaloupe and Martinique (sugar), Dakar (gum) - but English displaces French as the International Language 1763—1763: Treaty of Paris Britain controls North American French colonies (except St. Pierre & Micquelon)
107	1764	1764—1764: Mozart produces his first symphony at age eight 1764—1764: James Hargeaves invents the Spinning Jenny (but destroyed 1768) 1764—1764: Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared 1764—1764: Practice of numbering houses introduced to London 1764—1764: Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared 1764—1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny 8 1764—1862: Indian treaties transferring land to Britain
108	1765	1765—1765: The potato becomes the most popular food in Europe 1765—1765: First Acadians settle in Louisiana 1765—1765: Stamp Act passed 22 Mar 1765—22 Mar 1765: Stamp Act passed - imposed a tax on publications and legal documents in the American colonies (repealed the following year)
109	1766	1766—1766: Start of 'composite' national records on rainfall in the UK 5 Dec 1766—5 Dec 1766: Christie's auction house founded in London by James Christie
110	1767	1767—1767: Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt 1767—1767: First Iron railroads built for mines by John Wilkinson Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt 1767—1767: Census of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia census adds religion and ethnic-origin questions 1767—1767: Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water
111	1768	1768—1768: Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame 9 Jan 1768—9 Jan 1768: Philip Astley starts his circus in London 6 Dec 1768—6 Dec 1768: The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in Edinburgh by William Smellie
112	1769	1769—1769: Capt James Cook maps the coast of New Zealand 1769—1769: Arkwright invents water frame (textile production) 1769—1769: Arkwright invents water frame (textile production) 1769—1769: Ile St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) separated Ile St. Jean separated from the Colony of Nova Scotia 1769—1769: James Watt invents an improved steam engine 6 Sep 1769—6 Sep 1769: David Garrick organises first Shakespeare festival at Stratford-upon-Avon
113	1770	1770—1770: Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications 1770—1770: Hargreave's jenny invented (textile production) 28th April - James Cook discovers New South Wales{\n}Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications 28 Apr 1770—28 Apr 1770: Capt James Cook lands in Australia (Botany Bay) ? Aug 21: formally claims Australia for Britain
114	1771	1771—1771: Right to report Parliamentary debates established in England 1771—1772: Samuel Hearne reaches the Arctic via land travel
115	1772	1772—1772: Morning Post' first published (until 1937) 1772—1772: First Travellers' Cheques issued by the London Credit Exchange Company 1772—1772: Jundge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery (14th May) in England{\n}First Navy Lists published 14 May 1772—14 May 1772: Judge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery in England
116	1773	1773—1773: Census of Acadians in France The 2,370 Acadians in France are enumerated. 1773—1858: East India Company governs Hindustan 1773—1773: Boston Tea Party (16 December)
117	1774	1774—1774: Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph 13 Sep 1774—13 Sep 1774: Cook arrives on Easter Island 6 1774—22 Jun 1774: Québec Act Britain extends Québec border to include present-day Ontario and grants religious freedom to Catholics
118	1775	1775—1775: Battle of Lexington 19th April - first action in American War of Independence (1775-1783{\n}Irish unrest 1775—1783: American Revolution English Colonists vs Great Britain 1775—1775: Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet 1775—1775: Jacques Perrier invents a steamship 18 Apr 1775—14 Jan 1784: American Revolutionary War American Revolutionary War 19 Apr 1775—19 Apr 1775: Battle of Lexington: first action in American War of Independence (1775- 1783) 11 1775—31 Dec 1775: American forces invade Americans capture Montreal and attack Québec City 4 1775—4 Feb 1783: American Revolution (War of Independence) American patriots and the French versus American loyalists and Britain
119	1776	1776—1776: Somerset House in London becomes the repository of records of population 1776—1776: Watt and Boulton produce their first commercial steam engine 1776—1776: Acadians fight in the Eddy Rebellion 22 Acadians under the command of Captain Isaie Boudreau fight under Colonel Jonathan Eddy (the Eddy Rebellion) in an effort to retake Fort Cumberland. 1776—1776: American Declaration of Independence (July 4th) 1776—1776: North West Company formed Fur traders amalgamate to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company 1776—1776: David Bushnell invents a submarine 4 Jan 1776—1 Apr 1776: First United Empire Loyalists arrive UEL refugees arrive in Halifax, Nova Scotia 4 Jul 1776—4 Jul 1776: American Declaration of Independence 7 Sep 1776—7 Sep 1776: First attack on a warship by a submarine - David Bushnell's ?Turtle' attacked HMS Eagle in New York harbour. The attack was perhaps spectacular (a charge did detonate beneath the ship) but was nevertheless unsuccessful. 'Turtle' was a one man Affair ma
120	1777	1777—1777: Samuel Miller of Southampton patents the circular saw.
121	1778	1778—1778: Captain James Cook explores West Coast Captain Cook lands at Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island
122	1779	1779—1779: First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland 1779—1779: First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson 1779—1779: Marc Isambard Brunel opens the first steamdriven sawmill at Chatham Dockyard in Kent 1779—1779: Crompton's mule invented (Textile production) First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson{\n}First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland 1779—1779: Industrial Revolution begins to affect Scotland. 1779—1779: Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule 14 Feb 1779—14 Feb 1779: Capt James Cook killed on Hawaii 23 Sep 1779—23 Sep 1779: Naval engagement between Britain and USA off Flamborough Head 9 1779—22 Sep 1779: Treaty signed with Micmac to protect British settlers Micmac alliance against U.S.A
123	1780	1780—1780: About this time the word 'Quiz' entered the language, said to have been invented as a wager by Mr Daly, a Dublin theatre manager 1780—1780: Fountain pen invented 1780—1780: The English Reform Movement - until now, only landowners and tenants (freeholders with 40 shillings per year or more) allowed to vote, and in open poll books 1780—1780: Male Servants Tax 1780—1780: 4th May First Derby run at Epsom 2nd-8th June - Gordon Riots - Parl;iament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread{\n}Earliest Wesleyan registers{\n}Male Servants Tax{\n}The English Reform Movement - until now, only 1780—1780: Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses 1780—1780: Gervinus invents the circular saw 4 May 1780—4 May 1780: First Derby run at Epsom (some say 2nd June) 2 Jun 1780—2 Jun 1780: Jun 2- 8: The Gordon Riots - Parliament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread
124	1781	1781—1781: First UEL settlers in Niagara Loyalists from Butler's Rangers settle in Niagara area
125	1782	1782—1782: James Watt patents his steam engine 1782—1782: Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - the way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to industrialisation - New factories in rapidly expanding towns required a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns 1782—1782: Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - t5he way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns{\n}James Watt patents his steam engine 1 Jan 1782—1 Jan 1782: Massive Loyalist migration from U.S. begins Loyalists head to Nova Scotia (New Brunswick) as outcome of war determined
126	1783	1783—1783: Duty payable on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) - led to a fall in entries! 1783—1783: Duty on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) Montgolfier brothers launch first hot-air balloon{\n}3rd Sept. Treaty of Versailles (England/US) 1783—1783: Eastern Canada - U.S.A. border established border set from the Atlantic to Lake-of-the-Woods 1783—1783: Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production 1783—1783: Louis Sebastien demonstrates the first parachute 1783—1783: Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent the hot-air balloon 1783—1783: Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock 9 Mar 1783—3 Sep 1783: Treaty of Versailles Britain Loses War With U.S & British North America Defined 3 Sep 1783—3 Sep 1783: Treaty of Versailles (Britain/US) 3 Nov 1783—3 Nov 1783: Last public execution at Tyburn in London (John Austin, a highwayman) 4 1783—26 Apr 1783: Loyalist migration from New York 7,000 Loyalists sail to Nova Scotia (including New Brunswick) as outcome of war determined
127	1784	1784—1784: Invention of threshing machine by Andrew Meikle 1784—1784: First golf club founded at St Andrews 1784—1784: Wesley breaks with the Church of England 1784—1784: Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics 1784—1784: Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics{\n}Wesley breaks with Church of England{\n}First edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years){\n}2 nd Aug. First Mail coaches in Engl 1784—1784: Grand River Reserve created Indian chief Joseph Brant leads 4,000 indians from U.S. to Six Nations' Reservation 1784—1789: Mass migration of Loyalists Migration starts with 6,000 Americans & 1,000 Iroquois led by Joseph Brant. Total reaches 10,000 by end of decade 1784—1784: Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine 1784—1784: Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock 2 Aug 1784—2 Aug 1784: First mail coaches in England (4pm Bristol / 8am London) 8 1784—16 Aug 1784: Cape Breton Island created Cape Breton Island separated from Nova Scotia 8 1784—16 Aug 1784: New Brunswick created New Brunswick created from part of Nova Scotia
128	1785	1785—1785: Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million) 1785—2 Apr 1795: Northwest Indian War Northwest Indian War 1785—1785: Acadians sail from France to Louisiana Acadians numbering 1,600 sail from France to settle in Louisiana. Some of their relatives had gone there earlier. They will become known as Cajuns. 1785—1785: Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million) 1785—1785: Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance 1785—1785: Blanchard invents a working parachute 1785—1785: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom 1785—1785: Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching 1 Jan 1785—1 Jan 1785: John Walter publishes first edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years)
129	1786	1786—1786: John Fitch invents a steamboat
130	1787	1787—1787: MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) established at Thomas Lord's ground in London 1787—1787: Earliest known Swedenborgian (Church of the New Jerusalem or Jerusalemite) registers 1787—1787: The first population census of genealogical value was taken 12 Jul 1787—7 Dec 1787: Delaware 1st State 12 Jul 1787—7 Dec 1787: Delaware ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was Unanimous. 12 Dec 1787—12 Dec 1787: Pennsylvania 2nd State 12 Dec 1787—12 Dec 1787: Pennsylvania ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 46-23. 7 1787—18 Feb 1803: Ohio Territory Organized 12 1787—18 Dec 1787: New Jersey 3rd State 12 1787—18 Dec 1787: New Jersey ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was unanimous. 9 1787—28 Sep 1787: New Constitution sent to for ratification The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed, debated and drafted the new U.S. Constitution during hte summer of 1787. Ratification by nine states was required for the Constitution to take effect. James Madison was the primary author.
131	1788	1788—1788: Gibbon completes Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' 1788—1788: King George III's mental illness occasions the Regency Crisis - Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox attack ministry of William Pitt - trying to obtain full regal powers for the Prince of Wales 1788—1788: Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be a minimum of 8 years old (not enforced) 1788—1788: First slave carrying act, the Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulates more humane conditions on slave ships 1788—1788: First steamboat demonstrated in Scotland 1788—1788: 26th January, First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New Soputh Wales First steamboat demonstration in Scotland (but see 1802){\n}Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be minimum of 9 years old (not enforced)\First slave carrying act, The Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulated more humane conditions 1788—1788: The Scarce Year Upper Canada's 1787 crop failures result in famine 1788—1788: The abolition of the "stavnsbaand" (compulsory residence by the peasant and farming classes.) 26 Jan 1788—26 Jan 1788: First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New South Wales (left Portsmouth 13 May 1787) ? the 'First Fleet'; eleven ships commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip 1 Feb 1788—2 Jan 1788: Georgia 4th State 1 Feb 1788—2 Jan 1788: Georgia ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was unanimous. 2 Jun 1788—6 Feb 1788: Massachusetts 6th State 2 Jun 1788—6 Feb 1788: Massachusetts ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 187-168. 1 Sep 1788—9 Jan 1788: Connecticut 5th State 1 Sep 1788—9 Jan 1788: Connecticut ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 128-40. 6 1788—21 Jun 1788: New Hampshire 9th State 6 1788—21 Jun 1788: New Hampshire ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 57-47. 6 1788—21 Jun 1788: United States Constitution in effect 5 1788—23 May 1788: South Carolina 8th State 5 1788—23 May 1788: South Carolina ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 149-73. 7 1788—24 Jul 1788: New York ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 30-27. 6 1788—25 Jun 1788: Virginia 10th State 6 1788—26 Jun 1788: New York 11th State 6 1788—26 Jun 1788: Virginia ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 89-79. 4 1788—28 Apr 1788: Maryland 7th State 4 1788—28 Apr 1788: Maryland ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 63-11.
132	1789	1789—1789: 14th June - The French Revolution begins - storming of the Bastille Publication of Gilbert White's "Natural History of Selborne" 1789—1789: UE (Unity of Empire) designation created for Loyalists Loyalists obtain privileges and land grants 1789—1789: The guillotine is invented 28 Apr 1789—28 Apr 1789: Mutiny on HMS Bounty - Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew ends up on Pitcairn Island 30 Apr 1789—4 Mar 1797: George Washington George Washington U.S. Presidency< 7 Oct 1789—1790: MacKenzie River exploration Sir Alexander MacKenzie explores river to Beaufort Sea and Arctic Ocean 11 1789—21 Nov 1789: North Carolina 12th State 11 1789—21 Nov 1789: North Carolina ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 194-77. 9 1789—25 Sep 1789: Bill of Rights adopted 9 1789—25 Sep 1789: 27th Amendment originally proposed 4 1789—4 Mar 1797: George Washington
133	1790	1790—1790: Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland 1790—1790: Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland 1790—1790: The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton 5 1790—31 May 1796: Tennessee Territory Organized 5 1790—29 May 1790: Rhode Island 13th State 5 1790—29 May 1790: Rhode Island ratified U.S. Constitution The vote was 34-32.
134	1791	1791—1791: Establishment of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1791—1791: John Bell, printer, abandons the long s' (the 's' that looks like an 'f') 1791—1791: Sugar prices rise steeply John Bell, printer, abandons the "long s" (the 's' that looks like an 'f'){\n}Establishment of the Ordinance Survey of Great Brittain{\n}4th December - First publication of The Observer - oldest Sunday newspaper 1791—1791: John Barber invents the gas turbine 1791—1791: Early bicycles invented in Scotland 3 Apr 1791—4 Mar 1791: Vermont 14th State 6 Oct 1791—10 Jun 1791: Constitutional Act Lower Canada (now Québec) and Upper Canada (now Ontario) established 4 Dec 1791—4 Dec 1791: First publication of The Observer - world's oldest Sunday newspaper 1 1791—24 Jan 1791: District of Columbia President George Washington selects a site that includes portions of Maryland and Virginia. It becomes the seat of government 1 Dec 1800
135	1792	1792—1792: Coal-gas lighting invented by William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scot 1792—1792: Boyle's Street Directory published 1792—1792: Repression in Britain (restrictions on freedom of the press) - Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel 1792—1792: Repression in Britian (restrictions on freedom of the press) Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel{\n}Boyle's Street Directory published{\n}1st October - Introduction of Money Orders in Britain{\n}Coal-gas lightening invented by William Murdock, and Ayshire Scot{ 1792—1792: George Vancouver exploration exploration of Pacific Coast 1792—1792: William Murdoch invents gas lighting 1792—1792: The first ambulance 6 Jan 1792—1 Jun 1792: Kentucky 15th State 1 Oct 1792—1 Oct 1792: Introduction of Money Orders in Britain 1 Dec 1792—1 Dec 1792: King's Proclamation drawing out the British militia
136	1793	1793—1793: 11th February - England declares war on France (1793-1802) Execution of Louis XVI{\n}15th April - £5 notes first issue by the Bank of England 1793—20 Jul 1793: Alexander MacKenzie crosses Canada by land first crossing of Canada by land and exploration of Pacific Coast 11 Feb 1793—11 Feb 1793: Britain declares war on France (1793-1802) 15 Apr 1793—15 Apr 1793: ?5 notes first issued by the Bank of England 7 Sep 1793—9 Jul 1793: Upper Canada's Abolition Act Forbade any new slaves, and gave freedom to children of slaves at least 25 years of age if born after 1793
137	1794	1794—1794: Abolition of Parish Register duties 1794—1794: Abolition of Parish Register duties Battle of Glorious First of June{\n}6th october - The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for 1794—1794: Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin 1794—1794: Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings 3 Apr 1794—4 Mar 1794: 11th Amendment passed by Congress 6 Oct 1794—6 Oct 1794: The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for reform endangered the King's life and was theref
138	1795	1795—1795: The Famine Year 1795—1795: Foundation of the Orange Order 1795—1795: Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to subsistence level - towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and unemployed increased dramatically - price increases during the Napoleo 1795—1795: Pitt and Grenville introduce The Gagging Acts' or 'Two Bills' (the Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Bills) - outlawed the mass meeting and the political lecture. 1795—1795: Consumption of lime juice made compulsory in Royal Navy 1795—1795: The Famine Year Foundation of the Orange Order{\n}Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to substitence level{\n}Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and umemployed increased dramatically - p 1795—1795: Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food 2 Jul 1795—7 Feb 1795: 11th Amendment ratified
139	1796	1796—1796: Pitt's Reign of Terror': More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate 1796—1796: Legacy Tax on sums over ?20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents 1796—1796: Holden's Triennial Directory published Pitt's "Reign of Terror" - more treason trials - leading radicals emigrate 1796—1796: Town of York (Toronto) becomes capital of Upper Canada 1796—1796: Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination 6 Jan 1796—1 Jun 1796: Tennessee 16th State 14 May 1796—14 May 1796: Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
140	1797	1797—1797: England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments 1797—1797: Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore 1797—1797: Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications 1797—1797: The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press 1797—1797: England in Crisis Bank of England suspends cash payments{\n}26th February - First £1 note issued by Bank of England{\n}Apr-Jun Mutinees in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore{\n}Tax on Newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publicatio 1797—1797: A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe 1797—1797: Wittemore patents a carding machine 22 Feb 1797—22 Feb 1797: French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later 26 Feb 1797—26 Feb 1797: First ?1 (and ?2) notes issued by Bank of England 4 Mar 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams John Adams U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams
141	1798	1798—1798: First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner 1798—1800: Franco-American Naval War United States vs France 1798—1798: Feb-Oct The Irish Rebellion, - 100,000 peasants revolt, approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished{\n}First planned human experiment with Vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner. 1798—1798: Marriage Act allows marriages to be legally performed by the Church of Scotland and Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian, Calvinist and Lutheran Churches 1798—1798: Prince Edward Island created Ile St. Jean renamed to Prince Edward Island 1798—1798: Aloys Senefelder invents lithography 1798—1798: The first soft drink invented 9 Jan 1798—30 Sep 1800: Franco-American War Franco-American War Feb 1798—Feb 1798: The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct) 4 Jul 1798—9 Dec 1817: Mississippi Territory Organized 1 Aug 1798—1 Aug 1798: Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
142	1799	1799—1799: Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York 1799—1799: Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 1799—1799: 9th January - Pitt brings in 10% income tax 12th July - Repressive legislation in Britain against political associations and combinations{\n}Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York{\n}Foundation of the Roayl Institution of Great Britain{\n}Post Office New Annual Directory 1799—1799: Alessandro Volta invents the battery 1799—1799: Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making 9 Jan 1799—9 Jan 1799: Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure 12 Jul 1799—12 Jul 1799: 'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations 15 Jul 1799—15 Jul 1799: ?Rosetta Stone' discovered in Egypt made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
143	1800	1800—1800: Volta makes first electrical battery Volta makes first electrical battery 1800—1800: Herschel discovers infra-red light Herschel discovers infra-red light 1800—1800: High pressure steam Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) 1800—1800: Royal College of Surgeons founded Royal College of Surgeons founded 1800—1800: First Electric Light Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy 1800—1800: Count Alessandro Volta invents the battery 1800—1800: Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom 2 Jul 1800—2 Jul 1800: Parliamentary Union Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland 5 Jul 1800—10 Dec 1816: Indiana Territory Organized Effective date 4 Jul 1800
144	1801	1801—1801: Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1801—1801: Grand Union Canal opens in England Grand Union Canal opens in England 1801—1805: Tripolitan War 1801—1805: Barbary Wars Also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1 Jan 1801—1 Jan 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag Union Jack becomes the official British flag 4 Mar 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson U.S. Presidency 10 Mar 1801—10 Mar 1801: First Census First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 1 Apr 1801—4 Jan 1805: First Barbary War First Barbary War 3 Apr 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson 24 Dec 1801—24 Dec 1801: First passenger Train Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
145	1802	25 Mar 1802—25 Mar 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondenc
146	1803	1803—1803: Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham 1803—1803: Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted 1803—1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 12 1803—9 Dec 1803: 12th Amendment passed by Congress 30 Apr 1803—30 Apr 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803—12 May 1803: Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 Jul 1803—23 Jul 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn) 2 1803—19 Feb 1803: Ohio 17th State
147	1804	1804—1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia' 1804—1804: Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive 1804—1804: Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting 21 Feb 1804—21 Feb 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 c 3 Mar 1804—3 Mar 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 Dec 1804—2 Dec 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 Dec 1804—12 Dec 1804: Spain declares war on Britain 6 1804—15 Jun 1804: 12th Amendment ratified
148	1805	1805—1805: London docks opened 3 Mar 1805—29 Apr 1812: Louisiana Territory Organized Effective date 4 July 1805 21 Oct 1805—21 Oct 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 1 Nov 1805—25 Jan 1837: Michigan Territory Organized Effective date 30 Jun 1805 2 Dec 1805—2 Dec 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
149	1806	1806—1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 1806—1806: Le Canadien newspaper founded First Québec nationalist newspaper 9 Jan 1806—9 Jan 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
150	1807	25 Mar 1807—25 Mar 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery 3 1807—25 Mar 1807: British abolish slave trade
151	1808	1808—1808: Gas lighting in London streets 1808—1808: Simon Fraser to Vancouver Fraser explores the river to the Pacific 13 Jul 1808—13 Jul 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London 20 Dec 1808—20 Dec 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
152	1809	1809—1809: Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp 12 Feb 1809—12 Feb 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 2 Mar 1809—2 Dec 1818: Illinois Territory Organized Effective date 1 Mar 1809 4 Mar 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison James Madison U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison 18 Sep 1809—18 Sep 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
153	1810	1810—1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling 1810—1810: German, Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press 1810—1810: Peter Durand invents the tin can
154	1811	1811—1811: David Thomson charts Columbia River Thomson explores and charts Columbia River to the coast 5 Feb 1811—5 Feb 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane 11 Jul 1811—7 Nov 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe Indian defeat causes Tecumseh to align with British
155	1812	1812—1815: War of 1812 United States vs Great Britain 1812—1812: A printed format for parish registers begins 6 Apr 1812—9 Aug 1821: Missouri Territory Organized Effective date 7 Dec 1812 8 Apr 1812—4 Aug 1812: Battle of Brownstown Ohio Militia from Detroit defeated by Tecumseh's Indians 11 May 1812—11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 12 Jun 1812—16 Feb 1815: War of 1812 War of 1812 18 Jun 1812—18 Jun 1812: Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada Oct 1812—Oct 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses 10 1812—13 Oct 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights General Brock killed but U.S. forces defeated after heavy fighting 8 1812—14 Aug 1812: Surrender of Fort Detroit General Brock commanding British & Canadian forces with Tecumseh's Indians cause U.s. forces to surrender 6 1812—24 Dec 1814: War of 1812 United States declares war on Great Britain (and Canada) 11 1812—20 Nov 1812: Battle of Lacolle Mills Two groups of U.S forces fight each other by mistake 9 1812—21 Sep 1812: Raid on Gananoque U.S. forces enter town, destroy food supplies and remove ammunition 11 1812—28 Nov 1812: Battle of Frenchman's Creek U.S forces from Black Rock (Buffalo, NY) invade Fort Erie and are repulsed 8 1812—29 Aug 1812: Earl of Selkirk establishes Red River Colony (Winnipeg) 4 1812—30 Apr 1812: Louisiana 18th State. Counties known as Parishes.
156	1813	1813—1813: Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice' 1813—1813: Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast 1813—1814: Creek War United States vs Creek Indians 12 1813—Dec 1813: U.S forces reoccupy Queenston and Chippawa (Niagara) Canadian Volunteers (traitors) send Loyalists to U.S. prisons 8 Feb 1813—2 Aug 1813: Battle of Fort Stephenson British/Canadian/Indian forces fail in attempt to take fort from U.S. forces 10 May 1813—5 Oct 1813: Battle of the Thames U.S. (Harrison) defeats British/Indian forces - Tecumseh dies 6 Jun 1813—6 Jun 1813: Battle of Stoney Creek confused fighting results in heavy losses on both sides 6 Aug 1813—8 Jun 1813: Battle of Forty Mile Creek U.S forces routed and retreat to Fort George 6 Aug 1813—8 Jun 1813: Skirmish of Butler's Farm (Two Mile Creek) U.S Lt. Eldridge and his men ambushed by combined British/Canadian/Indian forces 9 Sep 1813—9 Sep 1813: Battle for Lake Erie U.S. naval squadron of 9 ships defeats British 6-ship flotilla 9 Oct 1813—10 Sep 1813: Battle of Lake Erie (Put-in-Bay) U.S. navy defeats British ships and takes control of Lake Erie 12 Oct 1813—10 Dec 1813: Burning of Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) Canadian Volunteers (traitors) and U.S militia burn Newark to the ground 11 Nov 1813—11 Nov 1813: Battle of Crysler's Farm U.S forces defeated in attempted invasion of Lower Canada. U.S. forces defeated near Morrisburg by combined Canadian-British forces. 2 1813—22 Feb 1813: Battle of Ogdensburg, NY Glengarry Light Infantry attack and take Ogdensburg 6 1813—24 Jun 1813: Battle of Beaver Dam Laura Secord warns British of impending attack resulting in surrender of U.S forces at Thorold 5 1813—27 May 1813: Capture of Fort George U.S. forces invade Niagara 10 1813—26 Oct 1813: Battle of Chateauguay U.S forces defeated in attempted invasion of Lower Canada 4 1813—2 May 1813: Battle of Fort York (Toronto) U.S. forces take fort and occupy York for 5 days, plundering and destroying the town by burning 5 1813—24 Jun 1813: Battles of Niagara frontier U.S. forces advance into Upper Canada
157	1814	1814—1814: At the Treaty of Kiel, Denmark is compelled to cede Norway to Sweden 1814—1814: George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive 1814—1814: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph 1814—1814: German, Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects 1814—1814: The first plastic surgery is performed in England 1 Jan 1814—1 Jan 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 7 Mar 1814—3 Jul 1814: Capture of Fort Erie British forces manning Fort Erie surrender to overwhelming U.S. odds 3 Apr 1814—20 Aug 1814: U.S. raids into Western Upper Canada U.S. forces raid western Lake Erie communities 6 Apr 1814—6 Apr 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 7 May 1814—5 Jul 1814: Battle at Chippawa U.S. forces take over entire Niagara frontier 13 Aug 1814—13 Aug 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 Aug 1814—24 Aug 1814: The British burn the White House 29 Nov 1814—29 Nov 1814: 'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour) 24 Dec 1814—24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US 8 1814—17 Sep 1814: Siege at Fort Erie British forces fail in their attempt to recover Fort Erie from U.S. forces 7 1814—19 Jul 1814: Battle for Prarie du Chien British forces comprised mainly of Indians capture U.S. garrison 7 1814—18 Jul 1814: Burning of St. Davids U.S. militia capture St. Davids then loot and burn most buildings 10 1814—20 Oct 1814: Battle of Cook's Mills (Lyons Creek) The last battle on Canadian soil 12 1814—24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent End of United States - British war of 1812 7 1814—26 Jul 1814: Battle of Lundy's Lane The fiercest battle of the U.S.-British war 3 1814—30 Mar 1814: Battle of Lacolle Mills U.S. forces defeated in attempted invasion
158	1815	1815—1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815—1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 1815—1815: Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp 2 1815—Feb 1815: British incentive to emigrate to Upper Canada Britain encourages 5,000 settlers to leave Britain 3 Mar 1815—24 Sep 1816: Second Barbary War Second Barbary War 18 Jun 1815—18 Jun 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
159	1816	1816—1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins 1816—1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816—1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years 1816—1816: Income tax abolished 1816—1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage 12 Nov 1816—11 Dec 1816: Indiana 19th State
160	1817	1817—1817: Constable painted 'Flatford Mill' 1817—1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817—1898: Indian Wars 1817—1817: Census of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia census adds place-of-birth question 3 Mar 1817—13 Dec 1819: Alabama Territory Organized 4 Mar 1817—4 Mar 1825: James Monroe James Monroe U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1817—3 Mar 1825: James Monroe 12 Oct 1817—10 Dec 1817: Mississippi 20th State
161	1818	1818—1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 1818—1819: First Seminole War 1818—1818: The 49th parallel becomes border Canada-US border officially set from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains 12 Mar 1818—3 Dec 1818: Illinois 21st State 20 Oct 1818—20 Oct 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
162	1819	1819—1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles 1819—1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819—1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819—1819: René Laënnec invents the stethoscope 1819—1819: Samuel Fahnestock patents a "soda fountain" 3 Feb 1819—14 Jun 1836: Arkansas Territory Organized Effective 4 July 1819 May 1819—May 1819: SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail) 16 Aug 1819—16 Aug 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others 12 1819—14 Dec 1819: Alabama 22nd State
163	1820	1820—1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 1820—1820: Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820—1820: Cape Breton Island re-annexed to Nova Scotia 1820—1820: Militia land grants 1812-1814 militiamen entitled to land grants 29 Jan 1820—29 Jan 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 Aug 1820—1 Aug 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 Aug 1820—17 Aug 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords 3 1820—15 Mar 1820: Maine 23rd State 1 1820—20 Jun 1830: George IV House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811
164	1821	1821—1821: Constable paints 'The Hay Wain' 1821—1821: Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation' 5 May 1821—5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena 8 Oct 1821—10 Aug 1821: Missouri 24th State
165	1822	14 Jun 1822—14 Jun 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society 3 1822—2 Mar 1845: Florida Territory Organized
166	1823	1823—1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 1823—1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823—1823: Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823—1823: New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session 1823—1823: Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland 2 Dec 1823—2 Dec 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
167	1824	1824—1824: Portland cement patented 1824—1824: RSPCA established 1824—1824: Canada (Land) Company formed acquires outstanding Crown reserves 1824—1824: First annual numerical census of Upper Canada Census counts 150,066 individuals 1824—1824: Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon 1824—1824: Englishmen, Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material 4 Mar 1824—4 Mar 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854) 10 May 1824—10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
168	1825	1825—1825: William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet 4 Mar 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams 10 May 1825—5 Oct 1825: The Miramichi Fire 200-500 people killed in fire that destroys the New Brunswick towns of Newcastle and Douglastown 27 Sep 1825—27 Sep 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains 6 1825—20 Sep 1825: Lower Canada (Quebec} census count of population by family
169	1826	1826—1826: Red River flooding High waters force the complete evacuation of the 10-year-old Red River Colony -- the future Winnipeg, Manitoba
170	1827	1827—1827: Ohm's Law published 1827—1827: Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone 1827—1827: John Walker invents the modern matches
171	1828	1828—1828: Naturalization commences Naturalization required for non-British persons 11 Jul 1828—1829: Military rolls taken in Canada West (Ontario) military records name every soldier from 19 to 39 years of age 25 Oct 1828—25 Oct 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
172	1829	1829—1829: Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind 1829—1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel 1829—1829: Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records. 1829—1829: Welland Canal opens Lake Ontario to Lake Erie canal opens 1829—1829: William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter 1829—1829: Frenchmen, Louis Braille invents braille printing 1829—1829: American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter 5 1829—May 1829: Guelph, Ontario, tornado tornado destroys many homes 4 Mar 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson 10 Jun 1829—10 Jun 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 Oct 1829—6 Oct 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
173	1830	1830—1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium 1830—1830: Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine Jul 1830—Jul 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 Sep 1830—15 Sep 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over! 6 1830—20 Jun 1837: William IV House of Hanover: 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
174	1831	1831—1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1831—1831: Marriage Act amended allows Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist, Mennonite, Independent, Dunkers and Moravian clergy to legally perform marriages 1831—1831: American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper 1831—1831: Michael Faraday invents an electric dynamo 6 Jan 1831—1 Oct 1831: Lower Canada (Quebec) census count of population by family 1 Jun 1831—1 Jun 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 Aug 1831—1 Aug 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
175	1832	1832—1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 1832—1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832—1836: Texas Revolutionary War Texas vs Mexico 1832—1832: Englishmen, Louis Braille invents the stereoscope 4 Jan 1832—1937: Immigrants quarantined at Grosse Isle Canada's immigrant quarantine station opens at Grosse Isle 14 May 1832—2 Aug 1832: Black Hawk War Black Hawk War 7 Jun 1832—7 Jun 1832: Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act 6 1832—Sep 1832: Cholera epidemic - Canada West First province-wide cholera epidemic
176	1833	1833—1833: Abolition of slavery Jan 1833—Jan 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 Aug 1833—29 Aug 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
177	1834	1834—1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 1834—1834: Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine) 1834—1834: Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent 7 1834—15 Sep 1834: Cholera epidemic - Canada West Second province-wide cholera epidemic 18 Mar 1834—18 Mar 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 May 1834—1 May 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
178	1835	1835—1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway 1835—1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835—1842: Second Seminole War 1835—1835: Englishmen, Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller 1835—1835: Englishmen, Henry F. Talbot invents Calotype photography 1835—1835: Solymon Merrick patents the wrench 1835—1835: Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator 2 Oct 1835—21 Apr 1836: Texas War of Independence Texas War of Independence 3 Nov 1835—11 Mar 1835: First formal police force Canadian police force established in Toronto
179	1836	1836—1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 1836—1836: Samuel Colt invented the first revolver 30 Jan 1836—30 Jan 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 Feb 1836—25 Feb 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 Mar 1836—6 Mar 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett 11 May 1836—2 Feb 1848: Mexican-American War Mexican-American War Jul 1836—Jul 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris 6 1836—15 Jun 1836: Arkansas 25th State 4 1836—28 May 1848: Wisconsin Territory Organized Effective date 3 Jul 1836
180	1837	1837—1837: P&O Founded 1837—1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837—1837: Samuel Morse invents the telegraph 1837—1837: English schoolmaster, Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp 11 1837—Dec 1837: Lower Canada Rebellion French and English rebel against British colonial government 12 1837—Dec 1837: Upper Canada Rebellion An uprising against the ruling clique -- the Family Compact 4 Mar 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin van Buren 12 Apr 1837—7 Dec 1837: Mackenzie Rebellion U.S. patriotic rebels fight Loyalists in Toronto 20 Jun 1837—20 Jun 1837: William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 Jul 1837—1 Jul 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 Jul 1837—13 Jul 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 Jul 1837—20 Jul 1837: Euston Railway station opens - first in London 6 1837—22 Jan 1901: Victoria House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III; married (1840) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince Consort 1 1837—26 Jan 1837: Michigan 26th State
181	1838	1838—1838: Samual Morse invents Morse Code 28 Jun 1838—28 Jun 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey 11 Nov 1838—16 Nov 1838: Rebellion of Hastings County, Ontario U.S. patriots raid Prescott 6 Dec 1838—27 Dec 1846: Iowa Territory Organized Effective date 3 July 1838
182	1839	1839—1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber 1839—1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense 1839—1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong 1839—1839: Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography 1839—1839: Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle 1839—1839: American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization 1839—1839: Welshmen, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell 1839—1839: American, Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales 1 1839—Jan 1839: Durham Report Proposal to unite Upper and Lower Canada and assimilate the French
183	1840	1840—1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 1840—1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840—1840: Englishmen, John Herschel invents the blueprint 10 Jan 1840—10 Jan 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
184	1841	1841—1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 1841—1841: The first census of genealogical value is taken. 1841—1841: Samuel Slocum patents the stapler 10 Feb 1841—10 Feb 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 4 Mar 1841—4 Apr 1841: William Henry Harrison William Henry Harriso 3 Apr 1841—4 Apr 1841: William H. Harrison William Henry Harrison succumbed to pneumonia 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler John Tyler U.S. Presidency 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler John Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president 6 Jun 1841—6 Jun 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M) 2 Oct 1841—10 Feb 1841: Act of Union Upper and Lower Canada united to become the Province of Canada and renamed to Canada East and Canada West
185	1842	1842—1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 1842—1842: Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator 2 Jan 1842—1 Feb 1842: First major census taken Canada West (Ontario) census counts 487,053 individuals 30 Mar 1842—30 Mar 1842: Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 Aug 1842—29 Aug 1842: Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
186	1843	1843—1843: First Christmas card in England 1843—1843: Alexander Bain of Scotland, invents the facsimile 27 May 1843—27 May 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 Jul 1843—19 Jul 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
187	1844	1844—1844: Englishmen, John Mercer invents mercerized cotton 6 Jun 1844—6 Jun 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
188	1845	1845—1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 1845—1845: USA doubles cost of passage to American ports USA passage fees encourage immigrants to choose Canada as their destination 1845—1845: American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine 1845—1845: Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire 3 Mar 1845—3 Mar 1845: Florida 27th State 4 Mar 1845—4 Mar 1849: James K. Polk James K. Polk U.S. Presidency 17 Mar 1845—17 Mar 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry 3 Apr 1845—5 Mar 1849: James Polk 12 1845—29 Dec 1845: Texas 28th State 5 1845—28 Jan 1861: Kansas Territory Organized
189	1846	1846—1846: Canada-U.S. Boundary Completed 1846—1846: Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction 10 Sep 1846—10 Sep 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe 4 1846—2 Feb 1848: Mexican-American War 12 1846—28 Dec 1846: Iowa 29th State
190	1847	1847—1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre 1847—1847: Longfellow writes the poem Evangeline The poem Evangeline by Henry Wadsworth Longefellow is published. A spirit of pride and hope is rekindled among the Acadians. 1847—1847: Typhus epidemic The height of the typhus and cholera epidemic brought by immigrants - the black year of emigration 1847—1848: Influenza epidemic worldwide influenza kills millions 1847—1847: Hungarian, Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics Jan 1847—Jan 1847: An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
191	1848	1848—1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 1848—1848: 1842's followup census completed Canada West (Ontario) counts 725,897 individuals 1848—1848: Waldo Hanchett patents the dental chair 24 Jan 1848—24 Jan 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush 11 Jul 1848—11 Jul 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens 8 1848—13 Feb 1859: Oregon Territory Organized 5 1848—29 May 1848: Wisconsin 30th State
192	1849	1849—1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971! 1849—1849: Canada's 49th parallel border is extended to the Pacific Ocean 1849—1849: Official bilingualism All Canadian parliament bills are now in both English and French 1849—1849: Walter Hunt invents the safety pin 3 Mar 1849—10 Nov 1858: Minnesota Territory Organized 4 Mar 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor U.S. Presidency 3 May 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor died while in office 10 Nov 1849—11 Oct 1849: Annexation Manifesto Montreal's businessmen call for Canada's annexation by the U.S.
193	1850	1850—1850: Joel Houghton was granted the first dishwasher patent 1 Jan 1850—1 Jan 1850: County government Counties become official units of local government 9 Jul 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore U.S. Presidency 6 Sep 1850—3 Jan 1896: Utah Territory Organized 9 Sep 1850—5 Jan 1912: New Mexico Territory Organized 9 Sep 1850—9 Sep 1850: California 31st State 7 Oct 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore, vice president under Zachary Taylor, sworn in as president after Taylor's death
194	1851	1851—1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1851—1851: First Canadian postage stamp Orange-red stamp is created by Sir Sandford Fleming, sells for three pence and features a beaver 1851—1851: Toronto-Buffalo rail line constructed Great Western Railway creates Toronto-Buffalo line 1851—1851: Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine 1 May 1851—1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
195	1852	1852—1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852—1852: Wells Fargo established in USA 1852—1852: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault invents a gyroscope 1852—1852: Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine - unsuccessful design 1 Dec 1852—12 Jan 1852: First "thorough" Canadian census "1851" census includes Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, but was not completed until 1853
196	1853	1853—1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain 1853—1853: George Cayley invents a manned glider 3 Feb 1853—10 Nov 1889: Washington Territory Organized 4 Mar 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce
197	1854	1854—1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 1854—1854: John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics 27 Mar 1854—27 Mar 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 Oct 1854—25 Oct 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade) 5 1854—28 Feb 1867: Nebraska Territory Organized
198	1855	1855—1855: Civil registration begins. 1855—1855: Ice Hockey The first game of ice hockey is believed to have been played in Kingston, Ontario 1855—1855: Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine motor 1855—1855: Georges Audemars invents rayon 1 Jan 1855—1 Jan 1855: Ottawa named The logging town of Bytown is renamed to Ottawa
199	1856	1856—1856: End of Crimean War 1856—1856: Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation 29 Jan 1856—29 Jan 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
200	1857	1857—1857: Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable 1857—1857: Ottawa is declared the capital of Canada by Queen Victoria 1857—1857: George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel 4 Mar 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan James Buchanan U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan
201	1858	1858—1858: Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London 1858—1858: 'The great stink' - smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work 1858—1858: Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine 1858—1858: Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine 5 Nov 1858—11 May 1858: Minnesota 32nd State
202	1859	1859—1859: Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain 25 Apr 1859—25 Apr 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869) 4 May 1859—4 May 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall 24 Nov 1859—24 Nov 1859: Charles Darwin publishes 'The Origin of Species' 2 1859—14 Feb 1859: Oregon 33rd State
203	1860	1860—1860: The Maple Leaf first used as official emblem of Canada during visit from the Prince of Wales 29 Aug 1860—29 Aug 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
204	1861	1861—1861: Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator 1861—1861: Pierre Michaux invents a bicycle 1861—1861: Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock 2 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: North Dakota Territory Organized 3 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: South Dakota Territory Organized 3 Feb 1861—30 Oct 1864: Nevada Territory Organized 4 Mar 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth on 14 Apr 1865 and dies the next day 12 Apr 1861—9 Apr 1865: American Civil War American Civil War 25 May 1861—25 May 1861: American Civil War begins 1 1861—14 Jan 1861: Canadian census 1861 census includes Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island 4 1861—9 Apr 1865: Civil War Union vs Confederacy 2 1861—31 Jul 1876: Colorado Territory Organized 1 1861—29 Jan 1861: Kansas 34th State
205	1862	1862—1862: Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks) 1862—1862: Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic 1862—1862: Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun 20 Apr 1862—20 Apr 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
206	1863	1863—1863: Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England 1863—1863: Football Association founded (UK) 1863—1863: Denmark goes to war against Prussia and Austria. In the Treaty of Prague (1866), Denmark cedes Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia (Ge 10 Jan 1863—10 Jan 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens 3 Mar 1863—2 Jul 1890: Idaho Territory Organized 6 1863—20 Jun 1863: West Virginia 35th State 2 1863—13 Feb 1912: Arizona Territory Organized
207	1864	1864—1864: A man-powered submarine, 'Hunley' sank a Federal steam ship USS Housatonic at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 - the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship 11 Mar 1864—11 Mar 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood - over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time 20 Aug 1864—20 Aug 1864: Red Cross established - Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention 8 Dec 1864—8 Dec 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened 5 1864—7 Nov 1889: Montana Territory Organized 10 1864—31 Oct 1864: Nevada 36th State
208	1865	1865—1865: First concrete roads built in Britain 1865—1865: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908] 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: End of American Civil War - slavery abolished in USA 15 Apr 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson U.S. Presidency 12 Jun 1865—6 Dec 1865: 13th Amendment ratified 5 Jul 1865—5 Jul 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London 4 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson, vice president under Abraham Lincoln, sworn in as president upon Lincoln's death 1 1865—31 Jan 1865: 13th Amendment passed by Congress
209	1866	1866—1866: Fenian Raids Irish Americans raid Canada 1866—1866: Ontario Gold Rush Gold discovered in Eldorado, Hastings County, Ontario 1866—1866: Englishmen Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo 1866—1866: J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener 1866—1866: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite 6 1866—13 Jun 1866: 14th Amendment passed by Congress
210	1867	1867—1867: Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter 3 Jan 1867—1 Mar 1867: Nebraska 37th State 7 Jan 1867—1 Jul 1867: 10-year census taking becomes a legal requirement the first census of The Dominion of Canada is scheduled for 1871 and every 10 years after 7 Jan 1867—1 Jul 1867: Confederation British North America Act creates the Dominion of Canada from the provinces of Canada (Upper and Lower), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 1 Jul 1867—1 Jul 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
211	1868	1868—1868: Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia) 1868—1868: Vote given to male British subjects British males, 21 years of age or older who own, rent or occupy property of specified values are entitled to vote 1868—1868: J P Knight invents traffic lights 1868—1868: George Westinghouse invents air brakes 1868—1868: Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel 7 1868—19 Jul 1868: 14th Amendment ratified 7 1868—9 Jul 1890: Wyoming Territory Organized
212	1869	1869—1869: Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented 7 Jan 1869—1 Jul 1869: Ontario begins BMD registration Start of Ontario's registration of births, marriages and deaths 4 Mar 1869—4 Mar 1877: Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1869—5 Mar 1877: Ulysses Grant 23 Nov 1869—23 Nov 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton 11 1869—15 Jul 1870: Rupert's Land joins Canada Canada purchases Rupert's Land from Hudson's Bay Company. Some of this land is added to Ontario, and the rest is later divided into the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories 2 1869—26 Feb 1869: 15th Amendment passed by Congress
213	1870	1870—1870: Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa 1870—1870: Water closets come into wide use 1870—1870: Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children 1870—1870: GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised) 1870—1870: First census of British Columbia 2 Mar 1870—3 Feb 1870: 15th Amendment ratified 1 Oct 1870—1 Oct 1870: First British postcard - halfpenny post 7 1870—15 Jul 1870: Manitoba created Part of Rupert's Land becomes Manitoba -- the fifth province 7 1870—15 Jul 1870: Northwest Territories created Part of Rupert's Land becomes the Northwest Territories
214	1871	4 Feb 1871—2 Apr 1871: Dominion of Canada Census The first national census after Confederation includes Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia - counts 3,689,257 27 Mar 1871—27 Mar 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh 29 Mar 1871—29 Mar 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London 29 Jun 1871—29 Jun 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal 7 1871—20 Jul 1871: British Columbia joins Canada British Columbia becomes Canada's sixth province
215	1872	1872—1872: Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales) 1872—1872: Licensing hours introduced 1872—1872: Chinese and First Nations banned from voting in BC The British Columbia Qualifications of Voters Act denies the Chinese and First Nations peoples the right to vote 1872—1872: Dominion Land Act Prairies opened for settlement by offer of 160 acres of land to each settler, resident for 3 years and paying a $10 filing fee 1872—1872: A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog 1872—1872: J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill 4 Dec 1872—4 Dec 1872: American ship 'Mary Celeste' is found abandoned by the British brig 'Dei Gratia' in the Atlantic Ocean
216	1873	1873—1873: North-West Mounted Police created "Mounties" formed from civilians to patrol the west 1873—1873: Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire 7 Jan 1873—1 Jul 1873: Prince Edward Island joins Canada Prince Edward Island becomes Canada's seventh province 5 1873—13 May 1873: Nova Scotia coal mine explosion 60 men die in Westville, Nova Scotia when a coal mine is destroyed by fire and explosion 8 1873—25 Aug 1873: The Great Nova Scotia Cyclone 500 killed by cyclone
217	1874	1874—1874: Factory Act introduces 56-hour week 1874—1874: Voting rights extended male British subjects 21 years old and over, with annual income of $400 and 'enfranchised Indians' given the right to vote 1874—1874: American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher 5 Apr 1874—5 Apr 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world - features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
218	1875	1875—1875: London's main sewage system completed 1875—1875: Supreme Court of Canada established 1875—1875: Western Indian treaties signed 1 Jan 1875—1 Jan 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
219	1876	1876—1876: Nicolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine 1876—1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 1876—1876: Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper 8 Jan 1876—1 Aug 1876: Colorado 38th State 14 Feb 1876—14 Feb 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone - Bell awarded the rights
220	1877	1877—1877: Edison invents microphone and phonograph 1877—1877: Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph 1877—1877: Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving pictures 4 Mar 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes U.S. Presidenc 3 May 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford Hayes
221	1878	1878—1878: CID established at New Scotland Yard 1878—1878: Edison & Swan invent electric lamp 1878—1878: Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph 1878—1878: Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb
222	1879	18 Sep 1879—18 Sep 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
223	1880	1880—1880: Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria 1880—1880: Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds 1880—7 Nov 1885: Chinese build railroad The construction of the western section of the Canadian Pacific Railway employs thousands of Chinese workers 1880—1880: Englishmen, John Milne invents the modern seismograph 1880—1880: The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper 2 Aug 1880—2 Aug 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
224	1881	1881—1881: Postal Orders introduced 1881—1881: Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy 1881—1881: First Acadian Convention at Memramcook First Acadian Convention at Memramcook. The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Mother is voted as the Acadian National holiday and is celebrated each year on August 15th. 1881—1881: David Houston patents the roll film for cameras 1881—1881: Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector 1881—1881: Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano 4 Mar 1881—19 Sep 1881: James A. Garfield James A. Garfield U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1881—19 Sep 1881: James Garfield James Garfield wounded by assassin's bullet on 3 Jul 1881 and dies 19 Sep 1881 4 Apr 1881—4 Apr 1881: Census of Canada counts 4,324,810 individuals Sep 1881—Sep 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904) 19 Sep 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur U.S. Presidency 26 Oct 1881—26 Oct 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral 9 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur, vice president under James Garfield, sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield
225	1882	1882—1882: Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed 1882—1882: Home children arrive First shipload of sponsored immigrant children arrive in Canada (Dr. Barnardo Homes etc.) 1882—1882: Northwest Territories divided Athabasca, Assiniboia, Alberta and Saskatchewan created
226	1883	1883—1883: Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France 24 May 1883—24 May 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River) 1 Aug 1883—1 Aug 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain 27 Aug 1883—27 Aug 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java - 30,000 killed by tidal wave
227	1884	1884—1884: Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche on Prince Edward Island. The tri-color with gold star is approved as the Acadian flag and the hymn Ave Maris Stella becomes the national anthem of the Acadians. 1884—1884: Voting rights extended Spinsters and widows permitted to vote in municipal elections 1884—1884: James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register 1884—1884: Charles Parson patents the steam turbine 1884—1884: Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen 1884—1884: George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film 1884—1884: Frenchmen, H. de Chardonnet invents rayon 31 May 1884—31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 Oct 1884—13 Oct 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
228	1885	1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine 1885—1885: Harim Maxim invents the machine gun 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle Mar 1885—Mar 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 4 Mar 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland 11 Jul 1885—7 Nov 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway Completed 'Here on November 7, 1885, a plain iron spike welded East to West', says a plaque in Craigellachie, Eagle Pass, BC 5 Sep 1885—5 Sep 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 Sep 1885—29 Sep 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool 11 1885—16 Nov 1885: Louis Riel hanged Accused of treason for leading the Métis resistance, Louis Riel's hanging in Regina further degrades English-French relations
229	1886	1886—1886: Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle 1886—1886: John Pemberton invents Coca Cola 1886—1886: Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher 20 Jan 1886—20 Jan 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales May 1886—May 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named 'Coca-Cola' 29 May 1886—29 May 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
230	1887	1887—1887: Daimler produces a four-wheeled motor car 1887—1887: German, Heinrich Hertz invents radar 1887—1887: Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire 1887—1887: Emile Berliner invents the gramophone 1887—1887: F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses 5 Mar 1887—3 May 1887: Coal mine explosion in Nanaimo, BC 148 killed in mine explosion
231	1888	1888—1888: First box camera - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film 1888—1888: Dunlop invents pneumatic tyre 1888—1888: County Councils set up in Britain 1888—1888: Jack the Ripper active in east London during the latter half of the year 1888—1888: Convention of Constantinople guarantees free maritime passage through Suez Canal in war and peace 1888—1888: Voting rights extended All adult male British subjects except unenfranchised Indians living on reserves are permitted to vote 1888—1888: John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire 1888—1888: Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer 1888—1888: Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws 20 Mar 1888—20 Mar 1888: Football League formed
232	1889	1889—1889: Dock Strike - docker's won their 'Docker's Tanner' 6 old pennies 1889—1889: Celluloid film produced 1889—1889: Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act Ontario's western boundary extended to west of Lake Superior 1889—1889: Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder 1889—1889: Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: South Dakota 40th State 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: North Dakota 39th State 4 Mar 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison U.S. Presidency 31 Mar 1889—31 Mar 1889: Eiffel Tower completed (to mark centenary of French Revolution) 3 Apr 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison 14 May 1889—14 May 1889: Children's charity NSPCC launched in London 3 Jun 1889—3 Jun 1889: Canadian Pacific Railway completed from coast to coast 11 Aug 1889—8 Nov 1889: Montana 41st State 28 Sep 1889—28 Sep 1889: Length of a metre defined 11 Nov 1889—11 Nov 1889: Washington 42nd State
233	1890	5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Indian Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Oklahoma Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 4 Mar 1890—4 Mar 1890: Forth railway bridge opens - took six years to build 7 Mar 1890—3 Jul 1890: Idaho 43rd State 7 Oct 1890—10 Jul 1890: Wyoming 44th State 4 Nov 1890—4 Nov 1890: City & South London Railway opens - London's first deep-level tube railway and first major railway in the world to use electric traction
234	1891	1891—1891: Primary education made free and compulsory 1891—1891: First Children's Aid Society is established in Toronto 1891—1891: Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator 18 Mar 1891—18 Mar 1891: First telephone link between London & Paris 4 May 1891—4 May 1891: Fictional date when Sherlock Holmes throws Moriarty over Reichenbach Falls, then disappears for 3 years! (published in 1893) 4 Jun 1891—6 Apr 1891: Census of Canada counts 4,833,239 individuals 24 Aug 1891—24 Aug 1891: Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera
235	1892	1892—1892: Electric oven invented 1892—1892: Shop Hours Act - limit 74 hours per week for under-18's 1892—1892: Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask 1892—1892: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine 6 Oct 1892—6 Oct 1892: Alfred Lord Tennyson dies, aged 83, at his house Aldworth, near Haslemere
236	1893	1893—1893: Zip fastener invented 1893—1893: Henry Ford's first car 1893—1893: American, W.L. Judson invents the zipper 1893—1893: Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum 4 Mar 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland
237	1894	1894—1894: Picture postcard introduced in Britain 1 Jan 1894—1 Jan 1894: Manchester Ship Canal opens 1 Mar 1894—1 Mar 1894: Blackpool Tower opens 30 Jun 1894—30 Jun 1894: Tower Bridge first opens 2 Aug 1894—2 Aug 1894: Death duties first introduced in Britain
238	1895	1895—1895: Sir Henry Wood starts Promenade Concerts in London 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe 12 Jan 1895—12 Jan 1895: The National Trust founded in England 24 May 1895—24 May 1895: Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted 28 May 1895—28 May 1895: Oscar Wilde sent to prison 12 Jul 1895—12 Jul 1895: First recorded motor journey of any length (56 miles) in Britain 17 Oct 1895—17 Oct 1895: First people in Britain to be charged with motor offences - John Henry Knight and James Pullinger of Farnham, Surrey Nov 1895—Nov 1895: X-rays discovered
239	1896	1896—1896: Gold discovered in Yukon Gold found in Bonanza Creek, Klondike River, Yukon 1896—1896: American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel 1 Apr 1896—4 Jan 1896: Utah 45th State 5 Apr 1896—5 Apr 1896: First modern Olympic Games held in Athens 2 Jun 1896—2 Jun 1896: Guglielmo Marconi receives a British patent (later disputed) for the radio
240	1897	1897—1897: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector 4 Mar 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley dies in Buffalo, NY.
241	1898	1898—1898: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company founded 1898—1898: Zeppelin builds airship 1898—1898: First photograph using artificial light 1898—1898: Klondike gold rush Gold rush along the upper Yukon River 1898—1898: Yukon gold rush 1898—1898: Rudolf Diesel receives patent #608,845 for an "internal combustion engine" the Diesel engine 1898—1898: Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster 17 Mar 1898—17 Mar 1898: USS Holland launched, the first practical submarine 25 Apr 1898—12 Aug 1898: Spanish-American War Spanish-American War 27 Jun 1898—27 Jun 1898: The first solo circumnavigation of the globe completed at Rhode island by Joshua Slocum in Spray (started from Boston, Mass on Apr 24, 1895) 7 Jul 1898—20 Aug 1959: Territory of Hawaii was Oraganized 6 1898—13 Jun 1898: The Yukon joins Canada Yukon becomes an entity separate from the North-West Territories 4 1898—10 Dec 1898: Spanish-American War United States vs Spain
242	1899	1899—1899: J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1899—1899: I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame 6 Mar 1899—6 Mar 1899: Aspirin first marketed by Bayer 2 Jun 1899—4 Jul 1902: Philippine-American War Philippine-American War 11 Oct 1899—11 Oct 1899: Start of Second Boer War 2 Nov 1899—7 Sep 1901: Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion 10 1899—30 Oct 1899: Boer War Canadian troops sent overseas for the first time to fight in the Boer War, but this is opposed by Quebec
243	1900	1900—1900: School leaving age in Britain raised to 14 years 1900—1900: Central Line opens in London: underground is electrified 1900—1900: Escalator shown at Paris exhibition 1900—1900: The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900—1900: Charles Seeberger redesigned Jesse Reno's escalator and invented the modern escalator 9 Feb 1900—9 Feb 1900: Davis Cup tennis competition established 27 Feb 1900—27 Feb 1900: Labour Party formed
244	1901	1901—1901: Hubert Cecil Booth patents the vacuum cleaner 1901—1901: Commonwealth of Australia founded 1901—1901: King Camp Gillette invents the double-edged safety razor 1901—1901: The first radio receiver, successfully received a radio transmission 1901—1901: Hubert Booth invents a compact and modern vacuum cleaner 22 Jan 1901—22 Jan 1901: Queen Victoria dies - Edward VII king 2 Feb 1901—2 Feb 1901: Queen Victoria's funeral - interred beside Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park Jun 1901—Jun 1901: Denunciation of use of concentration camps by British in Boer War 14 Sep 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt U.S. Presidenc 2 Oct 1901—2 Oct 1901: Britain's first submarine launched 12 Dec 1901—12 Dec 1901: First successful radio transmission across the Atlantic, by Marconi - Morse code from Cornwall to Newfoundland 9 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, vice president under William McKinley, sworn in as president upon death of McKinley 1 1901—6 May 1910: Edward VII House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Eldest son of Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess of Denmark 3 1901—31 Mar 1901: Census of Canada counts 5,371,315 individuals
245	1902	1902—1902: Marie Curie discovers radioactivity 1902—1902: Cremation Act - cremation can only take place at officially recognised establishments, and with two death certificates issued 1902—1902: Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902—1902: Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner 1902—1902: French physicist George Claude invents neon light 1902—1902: The lie detector or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie 1902—1902: The birth of the Teddy Bear 24 May 1902—24 May 1902: Empire Day (later Commonwealth Day) first celebrated 31 May 1902—31 May 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Boer War 9 Aug 1902—9 Aug 1902: Coronation of Edward VII
246	1903	1903—1903: Women's Social and Political Union formed in Britain by Emmeline Pankhurst 1903—1903: Henry Ford sets up his motor company 1903—1903: Workers' Education Association (WEA) formed in Britain 1903—1903: Canada loses the Alaska Boundary Dispute to the USA 1903—1903: Edward Binney and Harold Smith co-invent crayons 1903—1903: Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens 1903—1903: The Wright brothers invent the first gas motored and manned airplane 1903—1903: Mary Anderson invents windshield wipers 1903—1903: William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in lightbulbs 14 Dec 1903—14 Dec 1903: First flight of Wilbur & Orville Wright 4 1903—29 Apr 1903: Frank Slide, Alberta Turtle Mountain landslide, caused by mining, buries town and population of Frank in Alberta
247	1904	1904—1904: Leeds University established 1904—1904: Teabags invented by Thomas Suillivan 1904—1904: Benjamin Holt invents a tractor 1904—1904: John A Fleming invents a vacuum diode or Fleming valve 8 Apr 1904—8 Apr 1904: France and UK sign the Entente Cordiale 4 May 1904—4 May 1904: America takes over construction of the Panama Canal from the French (completed 1914)
248	1905	1905—1905: Germany lays down the first Dreadnought battleship 1905—1905: Aliens Act in Britain: Home Office controls immigration 1905—1905: The title 'Prime Minister' noted in a royal warrant for the first time - placed the Prime Minister in order of precedence in Britain immediately after the Archbishop of York 1905—1905: Albert Einstein published the Theory of Relativity and made famous the equation, E = mc2 1905—1905: Mary Anderson receives a patent for windshield wipers 9 Jan 1905—1 Sep 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan join Canada Alberta and Saskatchewan become Canada's eighth and ninth provinces 11 Apr 1905—11 Apr 1905: Einstein publishes Special Theory of Relativity
249	1906	1906—1906: Introduction of free school meals for poor children 1906—1906: Amundsen traverses the North-West Passage 1906—1906: William Kellogg invents Cornflakes 1906—1906: Lewis Nixon invents the first sonar like device 1906—1906: Lee Deforest invents electronic amplifying tube (triode) 10 Feb 1906—10 Feb 1906: Launching of HMS Dreadnought, first turbine-driven battleship 15 Mar 1906—15 Mar 1906: Rolls-Royce Ltd registered 26 May 1906—26 May 1906: Vauxhall Bridge opened in London 20 Sep 1906—20 Sep 1906: Launching of Cunard's RMS Mauretania on the Tyne 6 1906—24 Jun 1906: Census of Northwest Provinces Census of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Quinquennial censuses instituted
250	1907	1907—1907: Lumiere develops a process for colour photography 1907—1907: First airship flies over London 1907—1907: New Zealand becomes a Dominion 1907—1907: Imperial College, London, is established 1907—1907: Leo Baekeland invents the first synthetic plastic called Bakelite 1907—1907: Color photography invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere 1907—1907: The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu Jul 1907—Jul 1907: Leo Hendrik Baekeland patents Bakelite, the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated 1 Aug 1907—1 Aug 1907: Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island 9 Nov 1907—9 Nov 1907: The Cullinan Diamond presented to Edward VII on his birthday 11 1907—16 Nov 1907: Oklahoma 46th State. The area that had been Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were united to become one state.
251	1908	1908—1908: Lord Baden-Powell starts the Boy Scout movement 1908—1908: Separate courts for juveniles established in Britain 1908—1908: Coal Mines Regulation Act in Britain limits men to an eight hour day 1908—1908: Border Ports established Ports of entry established for customs and immigration 1908—1908: The gyrocompass invented by Elmer A. Sperry 1908—1908: Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger 1908—1908: Model T first sold 1908—1908: J W Geiger and W Müller invent the geiger counter 1908—1908: Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates 1 Jul 1908—1 Jul 1908: SOS became effective as an international signal of distress 12 Aug 1908—12 Aug 1908: First 'Model T' Ford made
252	1909	1909—1909: First commercial manufacture of Bakelite - start of the plastic age 1909—1909: Peary reaches the north pole 1909—1909: Beveridge Report prompts creation of labour Exchanges 1909—1909: Instant coffee invented by G. Washington 1 Jan 1909—1 Jan 1909: Old Age Pensions Act came into force 16 Jan 1909—16 Jan 1909: Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole 7 Feb 1909—2 Jul 1909: 16th Amendment passed by Congress 4 Mar 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Howard Taft William Howard Taft U.S. Presidency 15 Mar 1909—15 Mar 1909: Selfridges department store opens in London 3 Apr 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Taft 25 Jul 1909—25 Jul 1909: Bleriot flies across the Channel (36 minutes, Calais to Dover)
253	1910	1910—1910: Halley's comet reappears 1910—1910: Tango becomes popular in North America and Europe 1910—1910: Madame Curie isolates radium 1910—1910: Dr Crippen caught by radio telegraphy; hanged 23 Nov at Pentonville 1910—1910: Constitutional crisis in Britain 1910—1910: Railway strike and coal strikes in Britain 1910—1910: Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture 1910—1910: Georges Claude displayed the first neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris 6 May 1910—6 May 1910: Edward VII dies - George V becomes King 5 Jun 1910—20 Jan 1936: George V House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck. Accession, Jan 20, abdication, Dec 10.
254	1911	1911—1911: Strikes by seamen, dock and transport workers (1911-1912) 1911—1911: Rutherford: theory of atomic structures 1911—1911: First British Official Secrets Act 1911—1911: British MPs receive a salary 1911—1911: Parliament Act in Britain reduces the power of the House of Lords 1911—1911: Charles Franklin Kettering invents the first automobile electrical ignition system 6 Jan 1911—1 Jun 1911: Census of Canada Census of 9 Provinces and 2 Territories counts 7,206,643 individuals 2 Apr 1911—2 Apr 1911: Census: Population - England and Wales: 36 Million; Scotland: 4.6 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 22 Jun 1911—22 Jun 1911: Coronation of George V 14 Dec 1911—14 Dec 1911: National Insurance introduced in Britain
255	1912	1912—1912: Britain nationalises the telephone system 1912—1912: Discovery of the 'Piltdown Man' - hoax, exposed in 1953 1912—1912: Irish Home Rule crisis grows in Britain 1912—1912: Motorized movie cameras invented, replaced hand-cranked cameras 1912—1912: The first tank patented by Australian inventor De La Mole 1912—1912: Clarence Crane created Life Savers candy in 1912 18 Jan 1912—18 Jan 1912: Captain Scott's last expedition - he and his team reach the south pole on Jan 18th; all die on the way back, their bodies found in November 14 Apr 1912—14 Apr 1912: The 'unsinkable' Titanic sinks on maiden voyage - loss of 1,513 lives 13 May 1912—13 May 1912: Royal Flying Corps (later the RAF) founded in Britain 1 Jun 1912—6 Jan 1912: New Mexico 47th State 5 1912—13 May 1912: 17th Amendment passed by Congress 2 1912—14 Feb 1912: Arizona 48th State 8 1912—2 Jan 1959: Alaska Territory Organized 6 1912—30 Jun 1912: Saskatchewan tornado The worst tornado in Canadian history claims 28 lives in Regina
256	1913	1913—1913: Geiger invents his counter to measure radioactivity 1913—1913: Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley of Sheffield 1913—1913: Trade Union Act in Britain establishes the right to use Union funds for political purposes 1913—1913: Suffragette demonstrations in London - Mrs Pankhurst imprisoned 1913—1913: Third Irish Home Rule Bill rejected by House of Lords - threat of civil war in Ireland - formation of Ulster Volunteers to oppose Home Rule 1913—1913: The crossword puzzle invented by Arthur Wynne 1913—1913: The Merck Chemical Company patented, what is now know as, ecstasy 1913—1913: Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra 1913—1913: Gideon Sundback invents the modern zipper 2 Mar 1913—3 Feb 1913: 16th Amendment ratified 4 Mar 1913—4 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1913—3 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson 4 Jun 1913—4 Jun 1913: Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby and dies 4 Aug 1913—8 Apr 1913: 17th Amendment ratified
257	1914	1914—1914: Chaplin and De Mille make their first films 1914—1914: Irish Home Rule Act provides for a separate Parliament in Ireland; the position of Ulster to be decided after the War 1914—1918: World War One Canadian forces fight in Europe during World War 1 1914—1914: Garrett A. Morgan invents the Morgan gas mask 6 Jan 1914—11 Nov 1918: World War I Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. The United States joined on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917. 28 Jun 1914—28 Jun 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo 4 Aug 1914—4 Aug 1914: Britain declares war on Germany, citing Belgian neutrality as reason 5 Aug 1914—5 Aug 1914: British cableship Telconia cut through all five of Germany's undersea telegraph links to the outside world 15 Aug 1914—15 Aug 1914: Panama Canal opened, the Canal cement boat 'Ancon' making the first official transit (plans for a grand opening were cancelled due to the start of WW1) Oct 1914—Oct 1914: Battle of Ypres - beginning of trench warfare on western front 27 Nov 1914—27 Nov 1914: First policewoman goes on duty in Britain 16 Dec 1914—16 Dec 1914: German battleships bombard Hartlepool and Scarborough 6 1914—19 Jun 1914: Alberta coal mine disaster The worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history claims 189 lives in Hillcrest 5 1914—30 May 1914: Empress of Ireland sinks 1,014 lives are lost when ship sinks in Gulf of St. Lawrence
258	1915	1915—1915: Junkers construct first fighter aeroplane 1915—1915: First automatic telephone exchange in Britain 1915—1915: A new constitution establishes a two-chamber parliament elected by universal suffrage 1915—1915: Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invented Pyrex in New York City 19 Jan 1915—19 Jan 1915: First Zeppelin air raid on England, over East Anglia - four killed Feb 1915—Feb 1915: Submarine blockade of Britain starts Apr 1915—Apr 1915: Second Battle of Ypres - poison gas used for first time 25 Apr 1915—25 Apr 1915: Gallipoli campaign starts (declared ANZAC Day in 1916) 7 May 1915—7 May 1915: RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off coast of Ireland - 1,198 died 16 May 1915—16 May 1915: First meeting of a British WI (Women's Institute) took place in Llanfairpwll (aka Llanfair PG), Anglesey
259	1916	1916—1916: Compulsory military service introduced in Britain 1916—1916: Women get vote in Manitoba Manitoba is the first province to give women the right to vote 1916—1916: Radios tuners invented, that received different stations 1916—1916: Stainless steel invented by Henry Brearly Feb 1916—Feb 1916: Battle of Verdun - appalling losses on both sides, stalemate continues 24 Apr 1916—24 Apr 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland - after the leaders are executed, public opinion backs independence 21 May 1916—21 May 1916: First use of Daylight Saving Time in UK 31 May 1916—31 May 1916: Battle of Jutland - only major naval battle between the British and German fleets 5 Jun 1916—5 Jun 1916: Sinking of HMS Hampshire and death of Kitchener 3 Aug 1916—3 Aug 1916: Sir Roger Casement hanged at Pentonville Prison for treason 15 Sep 1916—15 Sep 1916: First use of tanks in battle, but of limited effect (Battle of the Somme 1 July to 18 Nov: over 1 million casualties) 7 Dec 1916—7 Dec 1916: Lloyd-George becomes British Prime Minister of the coalition government 6 1916—29 Jun 1916: Ontario forest fire A forest fire in northern Ontario claims 233 lives
260	1917	1917—1917: Ministry of Labour is established in Britain 1917—1917: Battle of Cambrai - first use of massed tanks, but effect more psychological than actual 1917—1917: Income Tax introduced 1917—1917: Gideon Sundback patented the modern zipper (not the first zipper) Feb 1917—Feb 1917: February revolution in Russia; Tsar Nicholas abdicates 6 Apr 1917—11 Nov 1918: World War I World War I 16 Apr 1917—16 Apr 1917: Lenin returns to Russia after exile 17 Apr 1917—17 Apr 1917: USA declares war on Germany 26 May 1917—26 May 1917: George V changes surname from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor (Royal proclamation on 17 July) 12 Jun 1917—6 Dec 1917: The Halifax Explosion Canada's worst single disaster, claims 1600 lives, injures 9000 and leaves 6000 homeless in Halifax, Nova Scotia Jul 1917—Jul 1917: Battle of Passchendaele - little gained by either side (Jul-Nov) 4 Sep 1917—12 Apr 1917: WW1 - Vimy Ridge Canadian Corps take Vimy Ridge in France but 3,600 die and another 5,000 wounded 7 Nov 1917—7 Nov 1917: 'October' Revolution in Russia - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government; Lenin becomes Chief Commissar 6 Dec 1917—6 Dec 1917: Halifax (Nova Scotia) Explosion, one of the world's largest artificial non-nuclear explosions to date: a ship loaded with wartime explosives blew up after a collision, obliterating buildings and structures within two square kilometres of the explosion 9 Dec 1917—9 Dec 1917: British forces capture Jerusalem 12 1917—17 Dec 1917: 18th Amendment passed by Congress
261	1918	1918—1918: War of Independence in Ireland 1918—1918: Vote for women over 30, men over 21 (except peers, lunatics and felons) 1918—1918: The superheterodyne radio circuit invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1918—1918: Charles Jung invented fortune cookies 18 Jan 1918—18 Jan 1918: Bentley Motors founded 8 Mar 1918—8 Mar 1918: Start of world-wide 'flu pandemic Jul 1918—Jul 1918: Second Battle of the Marne: last major German offensive in WW1 (Jul-Aug) 1 Oct 1918—1 Oct 1918: Arab forces under Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus 11 Nov 1918—11 Nov 1918: Armistice signed Dec 1918—Dec 1918: First woman elected to House of Commons, Countess Markiewicz as a Sinn Fein member refused to take her seat
262	1919	1919—1919: Sir Ernest Rutherford publishes account of splitting the atom 1919—1919: Britain adopts a 48-hour working week 1919—1919: Soldier Settlement Act Land grants awarded to 25,000 veteran soldiers 1919—1919: The pop-up toaster invented by Charles Strite 1919—1919: Short-wave radio invented 1919—1919: The flip-flop circuit invented 1919—1919: The arc welder invented 6 Apr 1919—4 Jun 1919: 19th Amendment passed by Congress 15 Jun 1919—15 Jun 1919: Alcock and Brown complete first nonstop flight across the Atlantic 28 Jun 1919—28 Jun 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed 1 1919—16 Jan 1919: 18th Amendment ratified
263	1920	1920—1920: Thompson patents his machine gun (Tommy gun) 1920—1920: Marconi opens a radio broadcasting station in Britain 1920—1920: Regular cross-channel air service starts 1920—1920: After a referendum, northern Schleswig is returned to Denmark 1920—1920: The tommy gun patented by John T Thompson 1920—1920: The Band-Aid (pronounced 'ban-'dade) invented by Earle Dickson Feb 1920—Feb 1920: First roadside petrol filling station in UK - opened by the Automobile Association at Aldermaston on the Bath Road 8 1920—18 Aug 1920: 19th Amendment ratified
264	1921	1921—1921: First birth control clinic 1921—1921: Insulin discovery announced 1921—1921: Railway Act in Britain amalgamates companies - only four remained 1921—1921: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1921—1921: Artificial life begins -- the first robot built 1921—1921: John Larson invented the lie detector 6 Jan 1921—1 Jun 1921: Census of Canada counts 8,787,949 individuals 4 Mar 1921—2 Aug 1923: Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1921—2 Aug 1921: Warren Harding Warren Harding dies of an embolism in San Francisco. He had taken ill on 31 Jul 1921 19 Jun 1921—19 Jun 1921: Census: Population - England and Wales: 37.9 Million; Scotland: 4.9 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 6 Dec 1921—6 Dec 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in London, leading to the formation of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland 11 1921—21 Nov 1921: Canada's Coat of Arms proclaimed by George V
265	1922	1922—1922: Law of Property Act - the manorial system effectively ended 1922—1922: Insulin invented by Sir Frederick Grant Banting 1922—1922: The first 3-D movie (spectacles with one red and one green lens) is released 1 Jun 1922—1 Jun 1922: Royal Ulster Constabulary founded Oct 1922—Oct 1922: BBC established as a monopoly, and begins transmissions in November (2LO in London on 14 Nov; 5IT in Birmingham and 2ZY in Manchester on 15 Nov)
266	1923	1923—1923: First American broadcasts heard in Britain 1923—1923: Hubble shows there are galaxies beyond the Milky Way 1923—1923: Roads in Great Britain classified with A and B numbers 1923—1923: Garrett A. Morgan invents a traffic signal 1923—1923: The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin 1923—1923: John Harwood invented the self-winding watch 1923—1923: Clarence Birdseye invents frozen food 1 Jan 1923—1 Jan 1923: The majority of the railway companies in Great Britain grouped into four main companies, the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, LMSR - lasted until nationalisation in 1948 16 Feb 1923—16 Feb 1923: Howard Carter unsealed the burial chamber of Tutankhamun 8 Mar 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge, vice president under Warren Harding, sworn in as president the day after Harding dies 28 Apr 1923—28 Apr 1923: First Wembley cup final (West Ham 0, Bolton 2) - 'I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles ' popular song of the time became the West Ham anthem 2 Aug 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge U.S. Presidency 28 Sep 1923—28 Sep 1923: First publication of Radio Times
267	1924	1924—1924: The dynamic loudspeaker invented by Rice and Kellogg 1924—1924: Notebooks with spiral bindings invented 4 Jan 1924—4 Jan 1924: First Labour government in Britain, headed by Ramsay MacDonald 5 Feb 1924—5 Feb 1924: Hourly Greenwich Time Signals from the Royal Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast by the BBC 31 Mar 1924—31 Mar 1924: British Imperial Airways begins operations (formed by merger of four British airline companies - became BOAC in 1940)
268	1925	1925—1925: Britain returns to gold standard 1925—1925: The mechanical television a precursor to the modern television, invented by John Logie Baird 18 Jul 1925—18 Jul 1925: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
269	1926	1926—1926: Walt Disney arrives in Hollywood 1926—1926: Kodak produces 16mm movie film 1926—1926: Adoption of children is legalised in Britain 1926—1926: First public demonstration of television (TV) by John Logie Baird 1926—1926: Robert H. Goddard invents liquid-fueled rockets 21 Apr 1926—21 Apr 1926: Princess Elizabeth born 3 May 1926—3 May 1926: General Strike begins. Lasts until May 12 (mine workers for 6 months more) 31 Oct 1926—31 Oct 1926: Death of Harry Houdini
270	1927	1927—1927: Release of the first 'talkie' film (The Jazz Singer) 1927—1927: Eduard Haas III invents PEZ candy 1927—1927: JWA Morrison invents the first quartz crystal watch 1927—1927: Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a complete electronic TV system 1927—1927: Technicolor invented 1927—1927: Erik Rotheim patents an aerosol can 1927—1927: Warren Marrison developed the first quartz clock 1927—1927: Philip Drinker invents the iron lung 7 Jan 1927—7 Jan 1927: First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London 22 Jan 1927—22 Jan 1927: First football broadcast by BBC (Arsenal v Sheffield United at Highbury) 1 May 1927—1 May 1927: First cooked meals on a scheduled flight introduced by Imperial Airways from London to Paris 20 May 1927—20 May 1927: Lindbergh makes solo flight across the Atlantic, in 33? hours 31 May 1927—31 May 1927: Last Ford Model T rolls off assembly line 24 Jul 1927—24 Jul 1927: The Menin Gate war memorial unveiled at Ypres
271	1928	1928—1928: Women over 21 get vote in Britain - same qualification for both sexes 1928—1928: Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1928—1928: Bubble gum invented by Walter E. Diemer 1928—1928: Jacob Schick patented the electric shaver 26 Apr 1928—26 Apr 1928: Madame Tussauds opens in London 15 Sep 1928—15 Sep 1928: Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovers penicillin (results published 1929)
272	1929	1929—1929: BBC begins experimental TV transmissions 1929—1929: Minimum age for a marriage in Britain (which had been 14 for a boy and 12 for a girl) now 16 for both sexes, with parental consent (or a licence) needed for anyone under 21 1929—1929: Abolition of Poor Law system in Britain 1929—1939: The Great Depression Canada hit hardest by the depression 1929—1929: American, Paul Galvin invents the car radio 1929—1929: Yo-Yo re-invented as an American fad 4 Mar 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover 10 1929—18 Oct 1929: The 'Persons' Case Decision Women are declared 'persons' by the British Privy Council
273	1930	1930—1930: Youth Hostel Association (YHA) founded in Britain 1930—1930: First Nazis elected to the German Reichstag 1930—1930: Scotch tape patented by 3M engineer, Richard G. Drew 1930—1930: The frozen food process patented by Clarence Birdseye 1930—1930: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents neoprene 1930—1930: The "differential analyzer", or analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT in Boston 1930—1930: Frank Whittle and Dr Hans von Ohain both invent a jet engine 30 Jan 1930—30 Jan 1930: Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany 31 Jan 1930—31 Jan 1930: 3M begins marketing Scotch Tape 6 Mar 1930—6 Mar 1930: Clarence Birdseye first marketed frozen peas 5 Oct 1930—5 Oct 1930: R101 airship disaster - British abandons airship construction
274	1931	1931—1931: Collapse of the German banking system; 3,000 banks there close 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster: British Dominions become independent sovereign states 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster The British Dominions are formally recognized by British Parliament 1931—1931: Harold Edgerton invented stop-action photography 1931—1931: Germans Max Knott and Ernst Ruska co-invent the electron microscope 14 Apr 1931—14 Apr 1931: Highway Code first issued 26 Apr 1931—26 Apr 1931: Census: Population - England and Wales; 40 Million; Scotland: 4.8 Million; N Ireland: 1.24 Million (Unfortunately, the census was destroyed by fire in WW2) 21 Oct 1931—21 Oct 1931: National Government formed to deal with economic crisis - Britain comes off gold standard
275	1932	1932—1932: Sir Thomas Beecham established the London Philharmonic Orchestra 1932—1932: Cockroft and Walton accelerate particles to disintegrate an atomic nucleus 1932—1932: Moseley founds British Union of Fascists 1932—1932: Great Hunger March of unemployed to London 1932—1932: Polaroid photography invented by Edwin Herbert Land 1932—1932: The zoom lens and the light meter invented 1932—1932: Carl C. Magee invents the first parking meter 1932—1932: Karl Jansky invents the radio telescope 3 Feb 1932—2 Mar 1932: 20th Amendment passed by Congress 21 May 1932—21 May 1932: Amelia Earhart first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic by a female pilot 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: Iraq gains independence from Britain 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: 'The Times' introduces 'Times New Roman' typeface
276	1933	1933—1933: ICI scientists discover polythene 1933—1933: Only 6 pennies minted in Britain this year 1933—1933: Frequency modulation (FM radio) invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1933—1933: Stereo records invented 1933—1933: Richard M. Hollingshead builds a prototype drive-in movie theater in his driveway 4 Mar 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt U. 3 Apr 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin Roosevelt 12 May 1933—5 Dec 1933: 21st Amendment ratified 12 Nov 1933—12 Nov 1933: First known photos of the 'Loch Ness Monster' taken 2 1933—20 Feb 1933: 21st Amendment passed by Congress 1 1933—23 Jan 1933: 20th Amendment ratified
277	1934	1934—1934: Hitler becomes Fuehrer of Germany 1934—1934: Englishmen, Percy Shaw invents cat eyes or roads reflectors 1934—1934: Charles Darrow claims he invented the game Monopoly 1934—1934: Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting - first magnetic recording 18 Jul 1934—18 Jul 1934: King George V opens Mersey Tunnel 26 Sep 1934—26 Sep 1934: RMS Queen Mary launched 30 Nov 1934—30 Nov 1934: First time a steam locomotive travels at 100 mph ('Flying Scotsman')
278	1935	1935—1935: Land speed record of 301.13 mph by Malcolm Campbell 1935—1935: London adopts a 'Green Belt' scheme 1935—1935: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1935—1935: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents nylon ( polymer 6.6.) 1935—1935: The first canned beer made 1935—1935: Robert Watson-Watt patented radar 28 Feb 1935—28 Feb 1935: Nylon first produced by Gerard J. Berchet of Wallace Carothers' research group at DuPont (there is no evidence to the widely-supposed story that the name derives from New York-London) 12 Mar 1935—12 Mar 1935: Hore-Belisha introduces pedestrian crossings and speed limits for built-up areas in Britain 1 Jun 1935—1 Jun 1935: Voluntary driving tests introduced in UK 30 Jul 1935—30 Jul 1935: Penguin paperbacks launched
279	1936	1936—1936: Jet engine first tested 1936—1936: Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine 1936—1936: Samuel Colt patents the Colt revolver 20 Jan 1936—20 Jan 1936: George V dies 5 May 1936—5 May 1936: First flight of a Spitfire 24 Jul 1936—24 Jul 1936: 'Speaking clock' service starts in UK 2 Nov 1936—2 Nov 1936: British Broadcasting Corporation initiates the BBC Television Service, world's first public TV transmission 12 Nov 1936—6 Feb 1952: George VI House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of George V, Duke of York; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 30 Nov 1936—30 Nov 1936: Crystal Palace destroyed by fire 5 Dec 1936—5 Dec 1936: Edward VIII abdicates (announced Dec 10) - popular carol that Christmas: 'Hark the Herald Angels sing Mrs Simpson's got our King' 1 1936—11 Dec 1936: Edward VIII House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): Eldest son of George V
280	1937	1937—1937: Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp 1937—1937: '999' emergency telephone call facility starts in London 1937—1937: Chester F. Carlson invents the photocopier 1937—1937: The first jet engine is built 12 Apr 1937—12 Apr 1937: Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft 12 May 1937—12 May 1937: Coronation of King George VI 28 May 1937—28 May 1937: Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister - policy of appeasement towards Hitler 3 Jun 1937—3 Jun 1937: Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson 4 Dec 1937—4 Dec 1937: 'The Dandy' first published
281	1938	1938—1938: First practical ball-point pen produced by Hungarian journalist, Lajos Biro 1938—1938: HMS Rodney first ship to be equipped with radar 1938—1938: Principle of paid holidays established in Britain 1938—1938: The ballpoint pen invented by Ladislo Biro 1938—1938: Strobe lighting invented 1938—1938: Roy J. Plunkett invented tetrafluoroethylene polymers or Teflon 1938—1938: Nescafe or freeze-dried coffee invented 1938—1938: The first working turboprop engine 12 Mar 1938—12 Mar 1938: Germany invades and annexes Austria 3 Jul 1938—3 Jul 1938: 'Mallard' reaches 126 mph (203 km/h); still world record for a steam locomotive 27 Sep 1938—27 Sep 1938: Largest ocean liner ever built, Queen Elizabeth launched on Clydebank 29 Sep 1938—29 Sep 1938: Chamberlain visits Hitler in Munich - promises 'peace in our time' 30 Oct 1938—30 Oct 1938: Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of HG Wells 'The War of the Worlds', causing panic in the USA
282	1939	1939—1939: Coldest winter in Britain since 1894, though this could not be publicised at the time 1939—1939: Start of evacuation of women and children from London 1939—1939: Germany annexes Czechoslovakia 1939—1945: World War II huge involvement of Canadian supplies and troops 1939—1939: Igor Sikorsky invents the first successful helicopter 1939—1939: The electron microscope invented 9 Jan 1939—2 Sep 1945: World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan vs. Major Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia 12 Jul 1939—7 Dec 1939: Troops leave Canada First group of Canadian troops sail to Britain -- 7,400 on 5 ships 1 Sep 1939—1 Sep 1939: Germany invades Poland 3 Sep 1939—3 Sep 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany 6 Sep 1939—6 Sep 1939: First air-raid on Britain 11 Sep 1939—11 Sep 1939: British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France 9 Oct 1939—10 Sep 1939: Canada declares war on Germany 14 Oct 1939—14 Oct 1939: HMS Royal Oak sunk in Scapa Flow with loss of 810 lives 7 Dec 1939—7 Dec 1939: 'First flight' of Canadian troops sail for Britain - 7,400 men on 5 ships 17 Dec 1939—17 Dec 1939: 'Admiral Graf Spee' scuttled outside Montevideo
283	1940	1940—1940: Québec permits women to vote The last province to give women the right to vote 1940—1946: National Registration Compulsory registration of all persons 16 years of age or older 1940—1945: German occupation of Denmark 1940—1940: Dr William Reich invents the orgone accumulator 1940—1940: Peter Goldmark invents modern color television system 1940—1940: Karl Pabst invents the jeep 1 Apr 1940—1 Apr 1940: BOAC starts operations, replacing Imperial and British Airways Ltd 11 May 1940—11 May 1940: National Government formed under Churchill 13 May 1940—13 May 1940: Germany invades France 27 May 1940—27 May 1940: Start of the evacuation of the British Army at Dunkirk (27 May - 4 Jun) 25 Jun 1940—25 Jun 1940: Fall of France to Germany 7 Sep 1940—7 Sep 1940: Germany launches bombing blitz on Britain, the first of 57 consecutive nights of bombing 15 Sep 1940—15 Sep 1940: Battle of Britain: massive waves of German air attacks decisively repulsed by the RAF - Hitler postpones invasion of Britain 14 Nov 1940—14 Nov 1940: Coventry heavily bombed and the Cathedral almost completely destroyed
284	1941	1941—1941: First use of antibiotics 1941—1941: Bailey invents his portable military bridge 1941—1941: First British jet aircraft flies, based on work of Whittle 1941—1941: Britain introduces severe rationing 1941—1941: Konrad Zuse's Z3, the first computer controlled by software 1941—1941: Aerosol spray cans invented by American inventors, Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan 1941—1941: Enrico Fermi invents the neutronic reactor 12 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces defend south coast of England 10 May 1941—10 May 1941: Rudolf Hess flies to Scotland 27 May 1941—27 May 1941: 'Bismark' sunk 22 Jun 1941—22 Jun 1941: Germany invades Russia (Operation Barbarossa) 1 Jul 1941—1 Jul 1941: First Canadian armoured regiments arrive in Britain 12 Jul 1941—7 Dec 1941: Canada declares war on Japan Attack on Pearl Harbour causes Canada to declare war on Japan Dec 1941—Dec 1941: 'Manhattan Project' of nuclear research begins in America Dec 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces given operation role in defending south coast of England 7 Dec 1941—7 Dec 1941: Japan attackes US fleet at Pearl Harbour 7 Dec 1941—2 Sep 1945: World War II World War II 8 Dec 1941—8 Dec 1941: USA enters WWII 24 Dec 1941—24 Dec 1941: Hong Kong falls to the Japanese 6 1941—14 Jun 1941: Census of Canada Census date changed to prevent clash with Victory Bond campaign. Sampling is initiated
285	1942	1942—1942: Gilbert Murray founds Oxfam 1942—1942: Invention of world's first programmable computer by Alan Turing in co-operation with Max Neumann - used to crack German codes 1942—1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer 1942—1942: Max Mueller designs a turboprop engine 30 May 1942—30 May 1942: Over 1,000 allied bombers raid Cologne 4 Jun 1942—4 Jun 1942: Battle of Midway 19 Aug 1942—19 Aug 1942: Abortive raid on Dieppe, largely by Canadian troops 6 Sep 1942—6 Sep 1942: Germans defeated at Stalingrad 3 Oct 1942—3 Oct 1942: First successful launch of V2 rocket in Germany - first man-made object to reach space 23 Oct 1942—23 Oct 1942: Battle of El Alamein - Montgomery defeats Rommel 2 Dec 1942—2 Dec 1942: 'Manhattan Project' - a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
286	1943	1943—1943: Round-the-clock bombing of Germany begins 1943—1943: Synthetic rubber invented 1943—1943: Richard James invents the slinky 1943—1943: James Wright invent silly putty 1943—1943: Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD 1943—1943: Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau invent the aqualung 16 May 1943—16 May 1943: 'Dam Buster' raids on Ruhr dams by RAF 24 Jul 1943—24 Jul 1943: Allies invade Italy - Benito Mussolini resigns as Italian Dictator, 24 July
287	1944	1944—1944: The kidney dialysis machine invented by Willem Kolff 1944—1944: Synthetic cortisone invented by Percy Lavon Julian 6 Apr 1944—6 Apr 1944: PAYE income tax begins 4 Jun 1944—4 Jun 1944: Allies enter Rome 6 Jun 1944—6 Jun 1944: D-Day invasion of Normandy 12 Jun 1944—12 Jun 1944: First V1 flying bombs hit London 8 Sep 1944—8 Sep 1944: First V2 rocket bombs hit London 11 Sep 1944—11 Sep 1944: Allies enter Germany 16 Dec 1944—16 Dec 1944: Battle of the Bulge: German counter-offensive
288	1945	1945—1945: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1945—1945: Vannevar Bush proposes hypertext 1945—1945: The atomic bomb invented 4 Feb 1945—4 Feb 1945: Yalta Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin 29 Mar 1945—29 Mar 1945: Last V1 flying bomb attack 12 Apr 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman U.S. Presidency 25 Apr 1945—25 Apr 1945: Berlin surrounded by Russian troops 30 Apr 1945—30 Apr 1945: Hitler commits suicide 8 May 1945—8 May 1945: VE Day (Victory in Europe) 9 May 1945—9 May 1945: Channel Islands liberated 26 Jun 1945—26 Jun 1945: UN Charter signed in San Francisco 16 Jul 1945—16 Jul 1945: First ever atomic bomb exploded in a test in New Mexico (although there were other forms of atomic device before that, such as the Pile at Stagg Field, first critical on 2nd Dec 1942) 26 Jul 1945—26 Jul 1945: Labour win UK General Election - Churchill out of office 29 Jul 1945—29 Jul 1945: BBC Light Programme starts 6 Aug 1945—6 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 9 Aug 1945—9 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 15 Aug 1945—15 Aug 1945: VJ Day (Victory in Japan) 2 Sep 1945—2 Sep 1945: Japanese surrender signed aboard USS Missouri 24 Oct 1945—24 Oct 1945: United Nations Organisation comes into existence 4 Nov 1945—4 Nov 1945: UNESCO founded 4 Dec 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry Truman 6 1945—26 Jun 1945: Canada joins the United Nations
289	1946	1946—1946: Alistair Cooke starts his regular 'Letter from America' on BBC radio - until 2004 1946—1946: Transition to National Health Service starts in Britain (came into being 5th July 1948) 1946—1946: The microwave oven invented by Percy Spencer 1 Jan 1946—1 Jan 1946: First civillian flight from Heathrow Airport 7 Jan 1946—1 Jul 1946: Canadian Citizenship Act Parliament proclaims an act providing for the creation of Canadian citizens to take effect 1 January 1947 1 Mar 1946—1 Mar 1946: Bank of England nationalised
290	1947	1947—1947: First British nuclear reactor developed 1947—1947: Most severe winter in Britain for 53 years at start of the year - heavy snow and much flooding later 1947—1947: British/Hungarian scientist, Dennis Gabor, developed the theory of holography 1947—1947: Mobile phones first invented 1947—1947: Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invent the transistor 1947—1947: Earl Silas Tupper patented the Tupperware seal 1 Jan 1947—1 Jan 1947: Coal Mines nationalised 23 Feb 1947—23 Feb 1947: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) founded 1 Mar 1947—1 Mar 1947: International Monetary Fund begins financial operations 1 Apr 1947—1 Apr 1947: School leaving age raised to 15 in Britain 26 Oct 1947—26 Oct 1947: British military occupation ends in Iraq 20 Nov 1947—20 Nov 1947: Marriage of Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten in Westminster Abbey 3 1947—21 Mar 1947: 22nd Amendment passed by Congress
291	1948	1948—1948: Transistor radio invented 1948—1948: Long-playing record (LP) invented by Goldmark 1948—1948: British Citizenship Act : all Commonwealth citizens qualify for British passports 1948—1948: The Frisbee® invented by Walter Frederick Morrison and Warren Franscioni 1948—1948: Velcro ® invented by George de Mestral 1948—1948: Robert Hope-Jones invented the Wurlitzer jukebox 1 Jan 1948—1 Jan 1948: British Railways nationalised 5 Jul 1948—5 Jul 1948: National Health Service (NHS) begins in Britain 29 Jul 1948—29 Jul 1948: London Olympics begin
292	1949	1949—1949: De Haviland produces the Comet - first jet airliner 1949—1949: Maiden flight of the Bristol Brabazon (broken up in 1953 for scrap) 1949—1949: Cake mix invented 15 Mar 1949—15 Mar 1949: Clothes rationing ends in Britain 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Twelve nations sign The North Atlantic Treaty creating NATO 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Canada joins NATO 3 1949—31 Mar 1949: Newfoundland joins Canada Newfoundland becomes Canada's tenth province
293	1950	1950—1950: The first credit card (Diners) invented by Ralph Schneider 4 1950—30 Jun 1950: Winnipeg flood More than 100,000 people forced from their homes in Winnipeg, Manitoba, by the Red River flooding 19 May 1950—19 May 1950: Points rationing ends in Britain 26 May 1950—26 May 1950: Petrol rationing ends in Britain 25 Jun 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War Korean War 11 Jul 1950—11 Jul 1950: 'Andy Pandy' first seen on BBC TV 9 Sep 1950—9 Sep 1950: Soap rationing ends in Britain 28 Dec 1950—28 Dec 1950: The Peak District becomes the Britain's first National Park 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War As part of the United Nations, Canadian troops participate in the Korean War 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War United States (as part of the United Nations) and South Korea vs. North Korea and Communist China
294	1951	1951—1951: Super glue invented 1951—1951: Power steering invented by Francis W. Davis 1951—1951: Charles Ginsburg invented the first videotape recorder (VTR) 3 May 1951—3 May 1951: Festival of Britain and Royal Festival Hall open on South Bank, London 28 May 1951—28 May 1951: First Goon Show broadcast 20 Dec 1951—20 Dec 1951: Electricity first produced by nuclear power, from Experimental Breeder Reactor 2 1951—27 Feb 1951: 22nd Amendment ratified
295	1952	1952—1952: Bonn Convention: Britain, France and USA end their occupation of West Germany 1952—1952: Radioactive carbon used for dating prehistoric objects 1952—1952: Contraceptive pill invented 1952—1952: Britain explodes her first atomic bomb, in Australia 1952—1952: Mr. Potato Head patented 1952—1952: The first patent for bar code (US Patent #2,612,994) issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver 1952—1952: The first diet soft drink sold 1952—1952: Edward Teller and team build the hydrogen bomb 6 Feb 1952—6 Feb 1952: King George VI dies 21 Feb 1952—21 Feb 1952: Identity Cards abolished in Britain 2 May 1952—2 May 1952: First commercial jet airliner service launched, by BOACComet between London and Johannesburg 2 Jun 1952—2004: Elizabeth II House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917):Elder daughter of George VI, acceded Feb 6, 1952 5 Jul 1952—5 Jul 1952: Last tram runs in London (Woolwich to New Cross) 16 Aug 1952—16 Aug 1952: Lynmouth (North Devon) flood disaster 6 Sep 1952—6 Sep 1952: DH110 crashes at Farnborough Air Show, 26 killed 3 Oct 1952—3 Oct 1952: End of tea rationing in Britain 1 Nov 1952—1 Nov 1952: The first H-bomb ever ('Mike') was exploded by the USA - the mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high. The canopy was 100 miles wide. Radioactive mud fell out of the sky followed by heavy rain. 80 million tons of earth was vaporised. 25 Nov 1952—25 Nov 1952: Agatha Christie's 'The Mousetrap' opens in London 4 Dec 1952—4 Dec 1952: Great smog hits London
296	1953	1953—1953: Radial tires invented 1953—1953: The first musical synthesizer invented by RCA 1953—1953: David Warren invented the black box - flight recorder 1953—1953: Transistor radio invented by Texas Instruments 20 Jan 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. 31 Jan 1953—31 Jan 1953: Said to be the biggest civil catastrophe in Britain in the 20th century - severe storm and high tides caused the loss of hundreds of lives - - effects travelled from the west coast of Scotland round to the south-east coast of England [The Netherlands wer 5 Feb 1953—5 Feb 1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain 5 Mar 1953—5 Mar 1953: Death of Stalin 26 Mar 1953—26 Mar 1953: Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine 24 Apr 1953—24 Apr 1953: Winston Churchill knighted 25 Apr 1953—25 Apr 1953: Francis Crick and James D Watson publish the double helix structure of DNA 2 Jun 1953—2 Jun 1953: Coronation of Elizabeth II 26 Sep 1953—26 Sep 1953: Sugar rationing ends in Britain (after nearly 14 years) 1 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight Eisenhower
297	1954	1954—1954: First transistor radios sold 1954—1954: Routemaster bus starts operating in London 1954—1954: First comprehensive school opens in London 1954—1954: Oral contraceptives invented 1954—1954: The first nonstick pan produced 1954—1954: The solar cell invented by Chaplin, Fuller and Pearson 1954—1954: Ray Kroc started McDonalds 6 May 1954—6 May 1954: First sub 4 minute mile (Roger Bannister, 3 mins 59.4 secs) 3 Jul 1954—3 Jul 1954: Food rationing officially ends in Britain 5 Jul 1954—5 Jul 1954: BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin 30 Sep 1954—30 Sep 1954: First atomic powered sumbmarine USS Nautilus commissioned 10 1954—15 Oct 1954: Hurricane Hazel Southwestern Ontario, Toronto and area, hit by Hurricane Hazel -- 81 died, 4,000 homeless
298	1955	1955—1955: 'Mole' self-grip wrench patented by Thomas Coughtrie of Mole & Sons 1955—1955: Tetracycline invented 1955—1955: Optic fiber invented 27 Jul 1955—27 Jul 1955: Jul 27: Allied occupation of Austria (after WW2) ends 22 Sep 1955—22 Sep 1955: Commercial TV starts in Britain
299	1956	1956—1956: Britain constructs world's first large-scale nuclear power station in Cumberland 1956—1956: The first computer hard disk used 1956—1956: The hovercraft invented by Christopher Cockerell 1956—1956: Bette Nesmith Graham invented "Mistake Out," later renamed Liquid Paper, to paint over mistakes made with a typewriter 6 Jan 1956—1 Jun 1956: First nation-wide 5-year census Population-count censuses initiated 11 Jan 1956—1 Nov 1956: Springhill Mine explosion 39 miners killed from explosion in mine at Springhill, Nova Scotia 1 Mar 1956—1 Mar 1956: Radiotelephony spelling alphabet introduced (Alpha, Bravo, etc) 17 Apr 1956—17 Apr 1956: Premium Bonds first launched - first prizes drawn on 1 Jun 1957 3 Jun 1956—3 Jun 1956: 3rd class travel abolished on British Railways (renamed 'Third Class' as 'Second Class', which had been abolished in 1875 leaving just First and Third Class) 31 Oct 1956—31 Oct 1956: Britain and France invade Suez
300	1957	1957—1957: Helvetica typeface developed (in Switzerland) 1957—1957: Britain introduces parking meters 1957—1957: Fortran (computer language) invented 11 Jan 1957—11 Jan 1957: Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister 14 May 1957—14 May 1957: Post-Suez petrol rationing ends 15 May 1957—15 May 1957: Britain explodes her first hydrogen bomb, at Christmas Island 25 May 1957—25 May 1957: Treaty of Rome to create European Economic Community (EEC) of six countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg - became operational Jan 1958 4 Dec 1957—4 Dec 1957: Lewisham rail disaster - 90 killed as two trains collide in thick fog and a viaduct collapses on top of them 25 Dec 1957—25 Dec 1957: Queen's first Christmas TV broadcast

My Footsteps

through our family History

Porleifur Árnason