| Notes |
[[Category: Scotland, Monarchs]]
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[[Category: House of Alpin 742-1499]]
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==Biography==
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'''''"R� Alban," "mac Cinaeda," "mac Kenneth"'''''
::::::'''House of Alpin
::::'''Clann Chausantan (Northern Branch)'''
===Family and Early Years===Malcolm was born in or before 954,[Sken e , W i l l iam F. (ed). ''John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation . ' ' E d i nburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (1872), [https://archive.org/detai l s / j o hnoffordunschr00fordrich/page/177/mode/1up?view=theater p. 177]. M a l c o l m II died in 1034 "at the age of eighty or more."][Pryde, E.B., et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' (3rd ed). C a m b r i dge: Cambridge University Press (reprinted 2003), p. 56.] th e s o n o f [ [ MacAlpin-35|Kenneth II]], King of Scots, and his wife whose n a m e i s n o w unknown, but was most likely a daughter of a U� D�nlainge Ki n g o f L e i nster.[Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revise d C h r o n ology of Scottish History 10015-1626.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1 89 9 ) , [ h ttps://archive.org/details/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft/page/n22/ m o d e / 1up p. 2].][Broun Dauvit. ''Malcolm II ( M a e l C o luim mac Cinaeda).'' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography onl i n e e d i tion (23 Sep 2004), [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/17858 avai l a b l e h ere] by subscription.][''Berchan's Pr o p h e c y,'' stanzas 179-184, quoted in Anderson, Alan Orr. ''Early Source s o f S c o t tish History A.D. 500-1286.'' Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd (1922 ), [ h t t p s://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313/page/574/mode/1up p. 5 74; a l s o s e e fn.1].][''The Henry Project: The Ances tors o f K i n g H enry II of England,'' Baldwin, Stewart, ed., Farmerie, To dd, e d. , C i n �ed mac Ailp�n (Kenneth I, (Online https://fasg.org/project s/he n ry p r oject/, 2001), [https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/data/m alc o 0 0 1 .htm M�el Coluim mac Cin�eda (Malcolm II)]] '''''[see resea rc h n o t e s]''''' Malcolm's father was slain in 995,[Burton, John Hil l . ' ' T h e History of Scotland,'' vol. 1. Elibron Classics (unabridged fa c s i m i le of edition publ. at Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1874 ) , p . 3 3 9.] and was succeeded by Constantine III, who had been a ri v a l c l a imant to the throne during Kenneth II's reign and was thought to h a v e b e e n implicated in Kenneth's murder.[Burton, J o h n H i l l. ''The History of Scotland,'' vol. 1. Elibron Classics (unabri d g e d f a csimile of edition publ. at Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Son s , 1 8 7 4 ), p.340.] Constantine's reign lasted only two years. He wa s s l a i n i n battle at Rathinveramon in 997 by Kenneth III and his son, G ir a c I I , w ho ruled jointly until 1005.[Ashley, Mik e . ' ' T h e Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens.'' New York: Carroll & G r a f P u b lishers (1998), p. 390.] In the face of Malcolm's growing p o p u l a rity among the Scottish people,[Skene, William F. (ed). ''John o f F o r d u n's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation.'' Edinburgh: Edmonston and D o u g l a s (1872), [https://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich/ p a g e / 172/mode/1up?view=theater pp.172-173].] Kenneth III and Girac a l l o w e d him to continue to hold the title of King of Strathclyde and Cum b r i a w h ich had been bestowed on him by his father in 990, although it w a s u s u a lly held only by heirs to the throne of Scotland.
===Marriage and Children===Little is known of the woman whom Malcolm ma r r i e d . Historian Alison Weir claims that she is "said to have been an I r i s h w oman from Ossory" but provides no sources to support this claim.Weir, Alison. ''Britain's Royal Families.'' London: T h e B o d l ey Head (1989). p. 178. '''''[see research notes]''''' Mal c o l m I I h ad at least three daughters, although there is no way of knowi n g f o r c e rtain whether they all had the same, or different, mothers.
* [[MacAlpin-33|Beth�c MacAlpin]], heir;[Dunbar, Sir A r c h i b ald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1 0 0 1 5 - 1626.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/details / s c o t tishkingsre00dunbuoft/page/4/mode/1up p. 4].] m. c1000 to [[D u n k e l d-9|Crinan]] the Thane]
* [[MacAlpine-66|Donada MacAlpin]]; m. c1004 to [[Of_Moireabh-1|Finnl?? e c h ] ] , Mormaer of Moray[Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A R e v i s e d Chronology of Scottish History 10015-1626.'' Edinburgh: D. Dougl a s ( 1 8 9 9), [https://archive.org/details/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft/page/ 6 / m o d e/1up pp. 6-7].]
* (Unknown daughter) MacAlpin; m. c1007 [[Lodvesson-1|Sigurd Hlodverson ] ] , E a r l of Orkney[Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Rev i s e d C h ronology of Scottish History 10015-1626.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas ( 1 8 9 9 ) , [https://archive.org/details/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft/page/7/mo d e / 1 u p p. 7].][''Flateyiarb�k,'' vol.i, p. 558, cited in Ande r s o n , A lan Orr. ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500-1286.'' Ed i n b u r gh: Oliver and Boyd (1922), [https://archive.org/details/cu3192402 8 1 4 4 3 13/page/528/mode/1up p. 528]. " The earl [Sigurd] proceeded to m a r r y t h e daughter of Malcolm, the king of the Scots ; and the i r s o n w a s earl Thorfinn."]
===King of Scots===Malcolm II's reign began 25 March 1005 [ a n d was to last for over twenty-nine years, giving him ample time t o e x p a n d and consolidate the kingdom.][Ashley, Mike. ' 'T h e M a m moth Book of British Kings & Queens.'' New York: Carroll & Graf P u b l i s hers (1998), p.391.] One strategy for doing this was to solid f y a n a l l iance with the Norse earls of Orkney (against any threat from M o r a y ) b y marrying his youngest daughter to [[Lodvesson-1|Sigurd]], the e a r l o f O r kney.[Robertson, Eben William. ''Scotla n d U n d e r Her Early Kings,'' vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (1 8 6 2 ) , p .94.][Mackay, Aeneas James George. [https:// e n . w i kisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Malc o l m _ I I ''Malcolm II'']. Dictionary of National Biography online edition . < / r e f> When Sigurd died at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, Malcolm's g r a n d s on [[Sigurdsson-17|Thorfin]], then five years of age, became the e a r l o f C a ithness and Sutherland.]
In 1018 Malcolm prepared to invade Northumbria, and received unexpected s u p p o r t in the form of a comet which blazed in the sky for thirty days a n d t h i r ty nights and was considered by the Northumbrians to be such an i l l - f a ted omen that many of them immediately tried to flee, creating cha o s o n t h e b attlefield and resulting in many deaths.[ R o bertson, Eben William. ''Scotland Under Her Early Kings,'' vol. 1 . E d i n b urgh: Edmonston and Douglas (1862), pp. 95-96.] Eadulf Cude l c e d e d L othian (all of ancient Bernicia beyond the Tweed) to Scotland i n o r d e r t o stop the hostilities, and Malcolm returned home in triumph.< re f n a m e ="Robertson95"/>[Barrow, G.W.S. ''Kingship and Unity. '' E d i n b urgh: Edinburgh University Press (reprinted 2015), p.30.]
The latter part of Malcolm's reign continued to be marked by internal f e u d s , < ref>Duncan, A.A.M. ''Scotland, the Making of the Kingdom.'' Edin b u r g h H istory of Scotland, vol. 1: Oliver & Boyd (1975), p.99.[Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottis h K i n g s : A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 10015-1626.'' Edinbur gh : D . D o u glas (1899), [https://archive.org/details/scottishkingsre00d u nb uo f t /page/3/mode/1up p. 3].] In 1032, then in his late seventie s , M a l c olm attemped to insure the succession of his own grandson, Dunca n , t o t h e t hrone of Scotland by murdering the family of Kenneth III's g r a nd d a ughter, Gruoch, surprising them in their castle at Atholl and bur n i n g i t t o the ground.[Ashley, Mike. ''The Mammoth Bo o k o f B r i tish Kings & Queens.'' New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers (19 9 8 ), p . 3 92.] Gruoch's husband, Gilecomgain, was killed but Gruoch a n d h e r s o n (Lulach) managed to escape.
===Death===King Malcolm II died 25 November 1034 at Glammis, and was bu r i e d o n I ona.[Stevenson, J. (ed). ''Chronica de Mailros,'' [https:/ / a r c h ive.org/details/chronicademailr00unkngoog/page/n77/mode/1up p. 46] . " A n n o M .xxxiiij. obiit Malcolmus rex Scottorum et Dunecanus nepos eju s e i f u c c effit."][ ''The Annals of Tighernach.'' [https://celt .u cc . i e /published/T100002A.html T1034.1]. "Maolcoluim son of Cinaedh, k i n g o f S c otland, glory of the whole west of Europe, died."][Sk e n e , W . F . (William Forbes). ''Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of t h e S c o t s, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History.'' Edinburgh, H . M . G e n e ral register house, 1867. [https://archive.org/details/chronic le so f p i ct00sken/page/175/mode/1up p.175]. " Malcolm mac Kinat rex v i c t o r iosissimus 30 annis. Mortuus in Glemmis et sepultus in lon a . " < / ref>][ Although later historians have speculated th a t M a l c olm II was assassinated, this does not seem to be supported by a n y r e l i able source.]
==Research Notes==
:'''Who was Malcolm's mother?'''*Although recent historians such as Ali s o n W e i r and Dauvit Brown believe Kenneth II's wife was the daughter of a k i n g o f L e inster,[Weir, Alison. ''Britain's Royal Families.'' London : T h e B o d ley Head (1989). p. 175][Cunningham, Derek. ' 'T h e L o s t Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's "The R o y a l C e dar."'' Kindle edition (2021), p. 97.] It may not be possib l e t o p r o ve either of these two claims.
:'''Who was Malcolm's wife?'''*Once again there appear to be conflictin g t h e o r ies: Alison Weir suggests that Malcolm married "an Irish woman f ro m O s s o ry," but gives no reliable source for this;[ a n d F r e deric van Bossen (citing Tulloch) claims that Malcolm's wife a nd t h e m o t her of his children was Gunnora, a daughter of the second duk e o f N o r m andy.][Cunningham, Derek. ''The Lost Queens of Scotland: Ex tr ac t s f r om Frederic van Bossen's "The Royal Cedar."'' Kindle edition ( 2 0 2 1 ) , p. 99.]
== Sources ==
:See Also:*Anderson, Alan Orr. ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 5 0 0 - 1 2 86.'' Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd (1922), [https://archive.org/deta i l s / c u31924028144313/page/525/mode/1up p. 525].
* BBC, History of Scotland. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/art i c l e s /malcolm_ii/ Malcom II].
*Broun, Dauvit. ''Kenneth II (Cin�ed mac Ma�l Choluim).'' Oxford Dictio n a r y o f N ational Biography online edition (23 Sep 2004), [https://doi. o r g / 1 0.1093/ref:odnb/15399 available here] by subscription.
*Cawley, Charles. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Medlands database o n l i n e , Scotland,[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#MalcolmId i e d 9 5 4B Malcolm I].
* Goodey, Emma. ''Malcolm II (r. 1005-1034).'' The Royal Family. London : T h e R o y al Household (2016). [https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-ii-r-1005-1 03 4 M a l c olm II (r. 1005-1034)].
*Mackenzie, Capt. Colin. ''The Sculptured Stones of Ross and Cromarty.' ' [ h t t p ://books.google.com/books?id=E5QEAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA479&ots=VozxC6GU H_ & d q = translation%20Melkolf&pg=PA479#v=onepage&q=translation%20Melkolf& f = f a l se The Celtic Magazine], vol. 6 (1881), pp. 479-480.
*Mac Niocaill, Gear�id (transl). [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100 0 0 2 A . html The Annals of Tigernach], CELT: University College Cork. T103 4 . 1 " M a olcoluim son of Cinaedh, king of Scotland, glory of the whole we s t o f E u r ope, died."
* Simeon Monachus Dunelmensis, et al. [https://archive.org/details/hist o r i a e anglica00twys/page/n6/mode/1up Histori� Anglican� Scriptores X .] L o n d o n : Bee (1652).
* [[Wikipedia:Malcolm II of Scotland]]
== Acknowledgements ==Thanks to all who have contributed to this profil e . T h e i r names may be seen by clicking on the 'changes' tab above.
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954 - Abt 1034 (80 years)
