Timeline: Elizabeth Elena Allen: Our Family History

	Date	Event(s)
1	0757	0757—0796: King Offa King Offa ( 779 - 796 ) {\n}{\n}757 - Offa seizes the Kingdom Mercia after the murder of his cousin Aethelbald.{\n}776 - Defeats the men of Kent at Otford{\n}779 - Offa defeats Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington in Oxfordshire.{\n}784 - Offa defeats the Wel
2	0800	0800—0839: King Egbert King Egbert ( 802 - 839 ) {\n}{\n}800 - Around this time the Book of Kells is written in Ireland{\n}802 - Death of King Beorthric of Wessex{\n}802 - Egbert returns from exile in Charlemagne and becomes King of Wessex{\n}825 - King Egbert of Wessex wins a
3	0802	0802—0839: Egbert Saxon: First King of all England. King of Wessex, won allegiance of all English
4	0839	0839—0856: King Aethelwulf King Aethelwulf ( 839 - 856 ) {\n}{\n}839 - Aethelwulf succeeds his father Egbert as King of Wessex{\n}841 - Vikings raid Kent and East Anglia, and establish a settlement at Dublin{\n}842 - Many die in London and Rochester during Viking raids{\n}844 - Ken 0839—0858: Ethelwulf Saxon: Son of Egbert, King of Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex
5	0856	0856—0860: King Aethalbald King Aethelbald ( 856 - 860 ) {\n}{\n}858 - Aethelbald marries his father's widow Judith{\n}860 - Vikings land on Iceland{\n}860 - Aehelbald dies and his brother Aethelbert become king
6	0858	0858—0860: Ethelbald Saxon: Son of Ethelwulf, displaced father in Wessex
7	0860	0860—0866: King Aethelbert King Aethelbert ( 860 - 866 ) {\n}{\n}860 - Aethelbert becomes King of Wessex following the death of his brother Aethelbald{\n}860 - Winchester sacked by the Danes{\n}865 - The Viking 'Great Heathen Army' commanded by Halfdan and Ivar the Boneless lands i 0860—0866: Ethelbert Saxon: 2nd son of Ethelwulf, united Kent and Wessex
8	0866	0866—0871: King Aethelred King Aethelred I ( 866 - 871 ) {\n}{\n}866 - Aethelred becomes king on the death of his brother Aethelbert{\n}869 - Edmund King of East Anglia resists the Vikings and is killed{\n}870 - Aethelred defeated by the Danes (Vikings) at Reading{\n}871 - Aethelr 0866—0871: Ethelred I Saxon: 3rd son of Ethelwulf, King of Wessex, fought Danes
9	0870	0870—0888: Borivoj I
10	0871	0871—0899: King Alfred King Alfred the Great ( 871 - 899 ) {\n}{\n}{\n}871 - Alfred becomes King of Wessex following the death of his brother Aethelred{\n}872 - London falls to Viking raiders{\n}875 - After persistent attacks by Vikings the monks of Lindesfarne travel through N 0871—0899: Alfred the Great Saxon: 4th son of Ethelwulf, defeated Danes, fortified London
11	0883	0883—0883: King Gorm becomes the first known ruler of a united Danish kingdom
12	0894	0894—0915: Spytihnev I Son of Borivoj I
13	0899	0899—0925: King Edward The Elder King Edward The Elder ( 899 - 925 ) {\n}{\n}901 - Edward the Elder takes the title "King of the Angles and Saxons"{\n}913 - Edward the Elder recaptures Essex from the Danes 0899—0924: Edward the Elder Saxon: Alfred's son, united English, claimed Scotland
14	0915	0915—0921: Vratislav I. (Vratislaus) Brother of Spytihnev I
15	0921	0921—0935: V clav I. Svaty (Wenceslaus) Son of Vratislav I; known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands.
16	0924	0924—0940: Athelstan the Glorious Saxon: Edward's eldest son, King of Mercia, Wessex
17	0925	0925—0940: King Athelstan King Athelstan ( 925 - 940 ) {\n}{\n}926 - Athelstan annexes Northumbria, and forces the kings of Wales, Strathclyde, the Picts, and the Scots to submit to him{\n}937 - Battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats alliance of Scots, Celts, Danes, and Vikings,
18	0935	0935—0972: Boleslav I. Ukrutny (Boleslaus I the Cruel) Brother of V clav I.
19	0940	0940—0946: Edmund I The Magnificent Saxon: 3rd son of Edward, King of Wessex, Mercia 0940—0985: The reign of Harold Bluetooth. The Christian church is established in Denmark
20	0945	0945—0946: King Edmund King Edmund ( 940 - 946 ) {\n}{\n}945 - Dunstan becomes abbot of Glastonbury{\n}946 - Edmund killed at Pucklechurch
21	0946	0946—0955: King Edred King Edred ( 946 - 955 ) {\n}{\n}954 - Expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe, last Danish king of York 0946—0955: Edred Saxon: 4th son of Edward
22	0955	0955—0959: King Edwy (Eadwig) King Edwy (Eadwig) ( 955 - 959 ) {\n}{\n}956 - Dunstan sent into exile by Edwy{\n}957 - Mercians and Northumbrians rebel against Edwy 0955—0959: Edwy the Fair Saxon: Eldest son of Edmund, King of Wessex 0955—0959: Edgar the Peaceful Saxon: 2nd son of Edmund, ruled all English
23	0959	0959—0975: King Edgar King Edgar ( 959 - 975 ) {\n}{\n}959 - England united under Edgar{\n}973 - Northern Kings submit to Edgar at Chester
24	0972	0972—0999: Boleslav II. Pobozny (Boleslaus II the Pious) Son of Boleslav I.
25	0975	0975—0978: King Edward The Martyr {\n}King Edward The Martyr ( 975 - 978 ) {\n}{\n}978 - Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle 0975—0978: Edward the Martyr Saxon: Eldest son of Edgar, murdered by stepmother
26	0978	0978—1016: King Aethelred II The Unready King Aethelred II The Unready ( 978 - 1016 ) {\n}{\n}980 - Danes renew their raids on England attacking Chester and Southampton{\n}991 - Battle of Maldon: Byrhtnoth of Essex is defeated by Danish invaders; Aethelred II buys off the Danes with 10,000 pound 0978—1016: Ethelred II the Unready Saxon: 2nd son of Edgar, half-brother of Edward, married Emma of Normandy
27	0999	0999—1002: Boleslav III. Rysavy (Boleslaus III the Red-haired) Son of Boleslav II.
28	1000	1000—1004: Viking explorations Lief Ericsson explores coast of Labrador and Newfoundland
29	1002	1002—1003: Vladivoj Of the Piast dynasty (?). Said to be first cousin of Boleslav III. Polish name Wladywoj.
30	1003	1003—1003: Boleslav III. Second time 1003—1004: Boleslav Chrabry (Boleslaus the Brave) Of the Piast dynasty; Brother of Vladivoj (?). Duke - later king - of Poland (as Boleslaw I Chrobry). The fourth Bohemian ruler with name Boleslav but noted under his original name (without ordinal number).
31	1004	1004—1012: Jarom¡r Brother of Boleslav III.
32	1012	1012—1033: Oldrich Brother of Jarom¡r. Also known as Odalrich, Udalrich, Ulrich.
33	1013	1013—1013: Union of Denmark and England
34	1016	1016—1016: King Edmund II Ironside {\n}King Edmund II lronside ( 1016 ) {\n}{\n}1016 - Edmund Ironside, son of Aethelred II the Unready of England, becomes King. At the battle of Abingdon, in Essex, King Canute II of Denmark defeats Edmund. They meet on the Isle of Alney in the Severn and 1016—1035: King Cnut (Canute) King Cnut (Canute) ( 1016 - 1035 ) {\n}{\n}1017 - Canute marries Emma of Normandy, the widow of Ethelred II. Canute divides England into four earldoms - Northumbria Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia. {\n}1027 - Canute make a pilgrimage to Rome to demonstrate 1016—1017: Edmund II Ironside Saxon: Eldest son of Ethelred II, King of London
35	1017	1017—1035: Canute the Dane Dane: By conquest and election. Gave Wessex to Edmund, married Emma
36	1023	1023—1023: First paper money printed in China
37	1033	1033—1034: Jarom¡r Second time
38	1034	1034—1034: Oldrich Second time 1034—1055: Bretislav I. (Bretislaus) Son of Oldrich.
39	1035	1035—1040: King Harold I Harefoot King Harold I Harefoot ( 1035 - 1040 ) {\n}{\n}1035 - Canute's son Harold Harefoot usurps the throne from his half-brother, Harthacanute, the rightful heir.
40	1036	1036—1040: Harald I, Harefoot Dane: Natural son of Canute
41	1040	1040—1042: King Harthacnut King Harthacnut ( 1040 - 1042 ) {\n}{\n}1040 - Harold Harefoot dies and Harthacanute accedes to the throne 1040—1042: Hardecanute Dane: Son of Canute by Emma, Danish King
42	1042	1042—1066: King Edward The Confessor King Edward The Confessor ( 1042 - 1066 ) {\n}{\n}1042 - Harthacanute dies and is succeded by Edward the Confessor, son of Aethelred II.{\n}1051 - Edward marries Edith daughter of Earl Godwine of Wessex, but quarrels with Godwine and banishes the rebellio 1042—1066: Edward the Confessor Saxon: Son of Ethelred II (Canonized 1161)
43	1045	1045—1045: Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
44	1050	1050—1050: Crossbow invented in France
45	1055	1055—1061: Spytihnev II. Son of Bretislav I.
46	1061	1061—1092: Vratislav II Brother of Spytihnev II. King 1085-1092 as Vratislav I.
47	1066	1066—1066: King Harold King Harold II ( 1066 ) {\n}{\n}1066 - Harold II fights a Viking force under Harold Hadrada and defeats them at Stamford Bridge. He hastily marches South at the news that William Duke of Normandy with 100 ships had landed on Penvensey Bay and marched into 1066—1066: Harold II Saxon: Edward's brother-in-law, last Saxon King 1 Jun 1066—6 Jan 1066: Edward the Confessor dies 6th January 1066 Edward the Confessor Dies - Harold 11 reigned for 9 months 10 1066—1087: King William I The Conqueror 1066 - William and his Norman army defeat Harold II and the Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. Harold is killed and, after subduing the rest of the country, William is crowned King of England.{\n}1067 - William suppresses a Saxon revolt in the southwest of 10 1066—14 Oct 1066: Invasion of England Invasion of England by Duke William of Normanduy{\n}Battle of Hastings 9 1066—25 Sep 1066: Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold 11 defeats Norwegian invasion 12 1066—25 Dec 1066: William crowned King of England at Winchester 12 1066—9 Sep 1087: William I the Conqueror Norman: Second cousin to Edward the Confessor, by conquest. Defeated Harold at Hastings.
48	1069	1069—1069: King Malcolm Canmore of Scotland marries Margaret (St. Margaret)
49	1071	1071—1071: Norman conquest of England complete
50	1072	1072—1072: King Malcolm 111 of Scotland submitted to William the Conqueror c 1070 Re-construction of Canterbury Cathedral begins: The Saxon Cathedral burned down in 1067.{\n}Lanfrac, frist Norman Archbishop, restored and enlarged it's buildings between 1067 and 1077{\n}A new Quire was consecrated in 1130 but burned down in 1174, four y
51	1079	1079—1079: Construction of Winchester Cathedral begins (consectraed in 1093 but not completed until 1404
52	1081	1081—1081: Building of Tower of London starts (others say 1067)
53	1086	1086—1086: Compilation of Domesday Book
54	1087	1087—1100: King William II King William II Rufus ( 1087 - 1100 ) {\n}{\n}1087 - William Il accedes to the throne on the death of his father, William I.{\n}1088 - William crushes a baronial rebellion in Normandy led by his uncle, Odo of Bayenx, William's brother, Robert supports the 9 1087—2 Aug 1100: William II (Rufus) Norman: 3rd son of William I, accidentally killed by arrow while hunting.
55	1092	1092—1100: Bretislav II Nephew of Konr d I, son of Vratislav II. 1092—1092: Konr d I. Brnensky (Conrad of Brno) Brother of Vratislav II.
56	1098	1098—1098: Expedition of Magnus Barelegs to Scottish coasts
57	1100	1100—1135: King Henry I King Henry I ( 1100 - 1135 ) {\n}{\n}1100 - Henry I succeeds his brother, William II.{\n}1100 - Henry issues a Charter of Liberties, pledging good governance.{\n}1100 - Henry marries Edith known as Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. {\n}1101 - 8 May 1100—1 Dec 1135: Henry I Beauclerc Norman: Youngest son of William I
58	1101	1101—1107: Borivoj II Brother of Bretislav II.
59	1102	1102—1102: Synod of Westminster under St. Anselm forbids clergy to marry
60	1107	1107—1109: Svatopluk Olomoucky (Sventopluk of Olomouc) First cousin of Borivoj II.
61	1109	1109—1117: Vladislav I. (Vladislaus) Brother of Borivoj II.
62	1110	1110—1110: Introductions in England of Pipe Rolls, recording exchequer payments
63	1117	1117—1120: Borivoj II Second time
64	1120	1120—1120: First reference in Scotland to Burghs and Sheriffs 1120—1125: Vladislav I Second time
65	1125	1125—1140: Sobeslav I. (Sobeslaus) Brother of Vladislav I.
66	1135	1135—1154: King Stephen {\n}King Stephen ( 1135 - 1154 ) {\n}1135 - Stephen usurps the throne from Matilda, Henry 1's daughter.{\n}1136 - The Earl of Norfolk leads the first rebellion against Stephen.{\n}1138 - Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I, deserts 12 1135—25 Oct 1154: Stephen Norman: Son of Adela,daugher of William I, and Count of Blois
67	1138	1138—1138: Battle of The Standard
68	1140	1140—1172: Vladislav II Nephew of Sobeslav I, son of Duke Vladislav I. King 1158-1172 as Vladislav I.
69	1154	1154—1189: King Henry II King Henry II ( 1154 - 1189 ) {\n}{\n}1154 - Henry II accedes to the throne at the age of 21 upon the death of his second cousin, Stephen.{\n}1155 - Henry appoints Thomas a Becket as Chancellor of England, a post that he holds for seven years.{\n}1155 - P 12 Apr 1154—1 Sep 1159: Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV) becomes only English Pope. Died 1.9.1159. 12 1154—6 Jul 1189: Henry II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of Godfrey Plantagenet (Angevin) by Matilda, daughter of Henry I
70	1163	1163—1163: Danegeld tax abolished
71	1166	1166—1166: Establishment of trial by jury
72	1170	12 1170—29 Dec 1170: Murder of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury Cathedral
73	1172	1172—1172: Pope decrees that Henry II of England is feudal lord of Ireland 1172—1173: Bedrich (Frederick) Son of Vladislav II.
74	1173	1173—1178: Sobeslav II First cousin once removed of Bedrich, Son of Sobeslav I.
75	1175	1175—1175: Treaty of Falaise signed - William the Lyon surrenders Scottish crown to King Henry II of England
76	1176	1176—1209: London Bridge construction in stone started (from tax on wool) completed 1209
77	1178	1178—1189: Bedrich Second time
78	1182	1182—1182: Magnetic compass invented
79	1189	1189—1199: Richard I 'Lionheart' becomes King of England. Dies 1199. - Acknowledges the independence of Scotland.{\n}1.9.1189, Legal Memory dates from accession of Richard I 1189—1199: King Richard I The Lion Heart King Richard I The Lion Heart ( 1189 - 1199 ) {\n}{\n}1189 - Richard I becomes King of England upon the death of Henry II{\n}1189 - William Longchamp is appointed Chancellor of England and governs the country during Richard's absence abroad{\n}1189 - Rich 1189—1191: Konr d II. Ota (Conrad-Otto) Descendant of Konr d I. 1189—1199: Richard I the Lionhearted House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest surviving son of Henry II, crusader
80	1190	1190—1280: 'Early English' Gothic period in English architecture
81	1191	1191—1192: V clav II Brother of Sobeslav II.
82	1192	1192—1193: Premysl I. Otakar (Ottokar I) Son of Vladislav II.
83	1193	1193—1197: Jindrich Bretislav (Henry Bretislaus) First cousin of Premysl I. Otakar.
84	1197	1197—1197: Vladislav (III.) Jindrich (Vladislaus III Henry) Brother of Premysl I. Otakar. 1197—1198: Premysl I. Otakar Second time. Became King in 1198, and his descendants retained the title.
85	1199	1199—1216: King John {\n}King John ( 1199 - 1216 ) {\n}{\n}1199 - John accedes to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard I.{\n}1204 - England loses most of its possessions in France.{\n}1205 - John refuses to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury{\n}1208 5 1199—19 Oct 1216: John Lackland House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Youngest son of Henry II, signed Magna Carta 1215
86	1200	1200—1200: Clothing buttons invented
87	1202	1202—1202: The Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to the west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci
88	1215	6 1215—15 Jun 1215: Magna Carta signed at Runnymede by King John First Lord Mayor's Show in London
89	1216	1216—1272: King Henry II King Henry III ( 1216 - 1272 ) {\n}{\n}1216 - Henry III is crowned King at the age of nine. England is ruled temporarily by two regents, Hubert de Burgh and William the Marshal{\n}1222 - De Burgh successfully puts down an insurrection supporting the Frenc 10 1216—16 Nov 1272: Henry III House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of John, acceded at 9, under regency until 1227
90	1220	1220—1343: Start of building of York Minster: Archbishop Walter de Gray started its construction (with transept) in 1220 working from the design of the Norman Cathedral of 1070. Its towers were finally completed in 1470. (some say started 1291, completed 1345){\n}Salisbury Cathedral started (replacing the Norman cathedral at Old Sarum) by Bishop Poore in 1220, consecrated i
91	1222	1222—1222: Introduction of poll tax in England King Alexander II of Scotland conquers Argyll
92	1228	1228—1228: First recorded mention of the Royal Mint
93	1231	1231—1231: Cambridge University organised and grantred Royal Charter
94	1237	1237—1237: Treaty of York signed
95	1247	1247—1247: Foundation of Bedlam (Bethleham Hospital), London by Simon Fitzmary
96	1248	1248—1248: Charter granted to Oxford University by Henry II c 1250 Royal Proclamation by Henry II are first government documents issued in English
97	1249	1249—1249: Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula
98	1250	1250—1250: Gun invented in China
99	1263	1263—1263: Battle of Largs Ayrshire King Alexander defeats Norwegian invaders under King Haakon
100	1264	1264—1264: First recorded reference to Justice of the Peace in England
101	1266	1266—1266: Western Isles acquired by Scotland
102	1268	1268—1269: Invention of eyeglasses
103	1272	1272—1307: King Edward I Longshanks {\n}King Edward I Longshanks ( 1272 - 1307 ) {\n}{\n}1272 - Edward learns that he has succeeded to the throne on his way home from the Crusade{\n}1274 - Edward is crowned in Westminster Abbey{\n}1282 - Edward invades North Wales and defeats Prince Llywely 11 1272—7 Jul 1307: Edward I Longshanks House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of Henry III
104	1280	1280—1370: 'Decorated' Gothic period in English architecture 1280—1280: Mechanical clocks invented
105	1283	1283—1283: Annexation of Wales to England
106	1285	1285—1290: Windmills invented
107	1290	1290—26 Sep 1290: Death of 'maid of Norway' heiress to the Scotish crown Name: Margaret , Maid of Norway{\n}Father: Eric II, King of Norway{\n}Mother: Margaret, daughter of Alexander III{\n}House of: Canmore{\n}Born: April 9, 1283 at Tonsberg, Norway{\n}Ascended to the throne: March 19, 1286 aged 2 years{\n}Crowned: Not crowne
108	1291	1291—1292: Compwetition for the Crown of Scotland between some eleven 'competitors' including John Baliol, John Comyn and Robert Bruce the elder all claiming the right to succeed
109	1292	1292—1292: King Edward awards Scottish crown to John Baiol (Toon Tabard)
110	1295	1295—1295: signing of the "Auld Alliance" between Scotland and France one of the world's oldest mutual defence treaties 1295—1295: Modern glassmaking begins in Italy
111	1296	1296—1296: Annexation of Scotland by England Scotlands Coronation Stone the "Stone of Destiny" or "Stone of Scone" was removed to Westminste Abbey by the English King Edward I, temporarily 'returned' to Scotland in 1950, and permanently returned in 1996{\n}John Baiol dethroned by Edward I{\n}Beginni
112	1297	1297—1297: Battle of Stirling Bridge, defeat of the English Army.
113	1298	1298—1298: Battle of Falkirk
114	1301	2 Jul 1301—7 Feb 1301: Edward Son of Edward I created first Prince of Wales He became King Edward II
115	1305	1305—1305: Unlawful trial and execution of William Wallace
116	1306	1306—1306: Robert the Bruce crowned King Robert I of Scots
117	1307	1307—1327: King Edward II King Edward II ( 1307 - 1327 ) {\n}{\n}1307 - Edward II accedes to the throne on the death of his father, Edward I.{\n}1308 - Edward's favourite, Piers Gaveston, is exiled for misgovernment.{\n}1309 - Gaveston returns from exile in France.{\n}1310 - Parli 7 Aug 1307—20 Jan 1327: Edward II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest surviving son of Edward I, deposed by Parliament 3217
118	1314	6 1314—24 Jun 1314: Battle of Bannockburn Scots under Robert the Bruce routed the English led by Edward II{\n}Resulted in Scottish independence
119	1320	1320—1320: Declaration of Arbroath; a statement of Scottish Independence
120	1326	1326—1326: First Scottish Parliamanet at Cambuskenneth 1326—1326: First mention of a handgun
121	1327	1327—1377: King Edward III King Edward III ( 1327 - 1377 ) {\n}{\n}1327 - Edward III accedes to the throne after his father, Edward II, is formally deposed.{\n}1330 - Edward takes power after three years of government by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover, Roger Mortimer 1327—1327: Deposition and regicide of King Edward II of England 1 1327—21 Jun 1377: Edward III of Windsor House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest son of Edward II
122	1328	1328—1328: Treaty of Northampton, formalised peace between England and Scotland 1328—1328: First sawmill
123	1329	1329—1329: Death of Robert the Bruce; succeeded by King David II of Scots
124	1346	1346—1346: Battle of Neville's Cross; English capture King David II
125	1348	1348—1348: Order of the Garter founded by King Edward III of England Motto - Honi soit qui mal y pense
126	1349	1349—1349: Black Death reaches England
127	1351	1351—1351: Statute of Labourers - attempt to regulate wages and prices at 1340 levels
128	1362	1362—1362: English becomes official language in English Parliament and Law Courts Quarter Sessions established by statute
129	1366	1366—1366: Statuts ot Kilkenny belatedly forbid intermarriage of English and Irish Gaelic culture unsuccessfully suppressed 1366—1366: Scales for weighing invented
130	1370	1370—1370: 'Perpendicular' Gothic period in English architecture till about 1550
131	1371	1371—1371: Accession of Robert II, the first Stewart King of Scots
132	1377	1377—1399: King Richard II {\n}King Richard II ( 1377 - 1399 ) {\n}{\n}1377 - Richard II succeeds his grandfather, Edward III; the kingdom is ruled at first by the King's uncles, John of Gaunt and Thomas of Gloucester.{\n}1380 - John Wycliffe begins to translate the New Testament f 6 1377—29 Sep 1399: Richard II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of the Black Prince, grandson of Edward III, minor until 1389, deposed 1399 by Parliament
133	1381	1381—1381: Peasants Revolt under Wat Tyler in protest at poll tax of 1380
134	1382	1382—1382: First translation of the Bible into English by John Wycliffe
135	1383	1383—99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
136	1387	1387—1400: Chaucer begind writing the Canterbury Tales (d.1400)
137	1388	1388—1388: Battle of Otterburn, Northumberland (Chevy Chase)
138	1397	1397—1397: Richard (Dick) Whittington becomes Mayor of London He was Lord Mayor 4 times 1397—1397: The three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway are united in the Union of Kalmar
139	1399	1399—1413: King Henry IV King Henry IV ( 1399 - 1413 ) {\n}{\n}1399 - Henry returns from exile in France to reclaim his estates seized by Richard II; he claims the throne and is crowned. Richard is deposed and later imprisoned in Pontefract Castle.{\n}1400 - Richard dies from sel 1399—1399: Deposition of King Richard II Henry IV establishes Lancastrian Dynasty 9 1399—20 Mar 1413: Henry IV House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: Son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 4th son of Edward III. Chosen by Parliment as successor to Richard II.
140	1400	1400—1400: The first piano called the Spinet invented 1400—1400: First golf balls invented
141	1411	1411—1411: Trigger invented
142	1412	1412—1412: Foundation of the University of St Andrews
143	1413	1413—1422: King Henry V King Henry V ( 1413 - 1422 ) {\n}{\n}1413 - Henry accedes to the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of his father, Henry IV{\n}1415 - Henry thwarts the Cambridge plot, an attempt by a group of nobles to replace him on the throne with his cousin, Edmun 3 1413—31 Aug 1422: Henry V House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: Eldest son of Henry IV, victor of Agincourt
144	1415	10 1415—25 Oct 1415: Battle of Agincourt St. Crispin's Day
145	1420	1420—1420: Oil painting invented
146	1421	1421—1421: In Florence, hoisting gear invented
147	1422	1422—1461: King Henry VI {\n}King Henry VI ( 1422 - 1461 ) {\n}{\n}1422 - Henry becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry V, and then, two months later, King of France on the death of his grandfather, Charles VI.{\n}1422 - John, Duke of Bedford, is appointed Regen 1422—1422: Infant Hnery VI on thromne of England He was 9 months old 9 Jan 1422—5 Mar 1461: Henry VI House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: 9-month old only son of Henry V, deposed 1461by Edward IV (Duke of York) after defeat of Lancastrians at Mortimer's Cross on Feb 2, 1461. Died in Tower
148	1431	1431—1431: Death of Joan of Arc
149	1437	2 1437—20 Feb 1437: Assassination of King James I of Scots at Perth James was murdered at Perth on the night of 20–1 February 1437 in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl.
150	1451	1451—1451: University of Glasgow founded
151	1453	7 1453—17 Jul 1453: End of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control of the French throne.{\n}August - Battle of Stamford Bridge - first War of the Roses - 1455-1487{\n}Gutenberg pri
152	1455	1455—1455: Fall of the Black Douglases in Scotland 1455—1455: Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press with metal movable type
153	1457	1457—1457: First recorded mention of golf in Scotland
154	1460	8 Mar 1460—3 Aug 1460: King Jmes II of Scots killed by an exploding cannon at Kelso
155	1461	1461—1483: King Edward IV King Edward IV ( 1461 - 1483 ) {\n}{\n}1461 - Edward defeats the Lancastrian army at Mortimers Cross and is proclaimed King by his cousin Warwick, "The Kingmaker", in succession to Henry VI.{\n}1464 - Edward marries Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a com 3 May 1461—29 Sep 1483: Edward IV House of York: Great-great-grandson of Edward III, son of Duke of York
156	1465	1465—1465: Irish living near English settlements made to take English surnames 1465—1465: In Germany, drypoint engravings invented
157	1468	1468—1468: Orkney and Shetland Islands acquired from Norway by Scotland
158	1472	1472—1472: St. Andrews made a bishopric
159	1475	1475—1475: Muzzle-loaded rifles invented in Italy and Germany
160	1476	1476—1476: Caxton sets up press in Westminster
161	1483	1483—1483: King Edward V King Edward V ( 1483 ) {\n}{\n}1483 - On the death of Edward, the crown passes to his young son, Edward V {\n}1483 - Edward is declared illegitimate and deposed in favour of his uncle Richard.{\n}1483 - Edward and his younger brother Richard of York were 1483—1485: King Richard III {\n}King Richard III ( 1483 - 1485 ) {\n}{\n}1483 - Richard succeeds his brother Edward IV after confining his two nephews, EdwardV and Richard, Duke of York, in the Tower of London{\n}1483 - The Duke of Buckingham is appointed Constable and Great Chamber 4 Sep 1483—25 Jun 1483: Edward V House of York: Eldest son of Edward IV, murdered in Tower of London.
162	1484	1484—1484: Introduction of bail for defendants in legal courts. English first used for parliamentary statutes
163	1485	1485—1509: King Henry VII King Henry VII ( 1485 - 1509 ) {\n}{\n}1485 - Henry accedes to the throne after defeating Richard III of York at the Battle of Bosworth.{\n}1486 - Henry marries Elizabeth of York, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.{\n}1487 - Henry crushes a 1485—22 Aug 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field King Richard III killed - beginning of the Tudors (Henry VII){\n}Formation of the yeoman of the Guard 1485—1485: Leonardo DaVinci designed the first parachute 8 1485—21 Apr 1508: Henry VII Gaunt House of Tudor: Son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, whose father had married the widow of Henry V; descended from Edward III through is mother, Mary Beaufort via John of Gaunt. By marriage with daughter of Edward IV he united Lancaster and York
164	1486	1486—1486: In Venice, the first known copyright granted
165	1487	1487—1487: Bell chimes invented
166	1492	1492—1492: Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines 1492—1492: Martin Behaim invented the first map globe
167	1494	1494—1494: Whiskey invented in Scotland
168	1495	1495—1495: Foundation of the University of Aberdeen (as King's College)
169	1497	1497—1497: Parish registers instituted in Spain by Cardinal Ximenes 1497—1497: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) explorations John Cabot explores Newfoundland and Cape Breton
170	1499	16 Nov 1499—16 Nov 1499: Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne, executed
171	1500	1500—1500: Gaspar de Corte-Real explorations Gaspar de Corte-Real sails around Newfoundland 1500—1500: The first flush toilets appeared
172	1503	1503—1503: Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (-1505) 1503—1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor 28 May 1503—28 May 1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor
173	1505	1505—1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh 1505—1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh
174	1506	22 Jan 1506—22 Jan 1506: First contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican
175	1507	1507—1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar 1507—1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar Apr 1507—Apr 1507: Suggestion put forward that the New World be named America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci (on Martin Waldseem?ller's world map)
176	1508	1508—1508: Thomas Aubert visits Newfoundland
177	1509	1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England 1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England Henry VIII becomes King of England (to 1547) 1509—1547: King Henry VIII {\n}King Henry VIII ( 1509 - 1547 ) {\n}{\n}1509 - Henry accedes to the throne on the death of his father, Henry VII.{\n}1509 - Henry marries Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the Spanish King and Queen, and widow of his elder brother, Arthur{\n}1513 - The 22 Apr 1509—22 Apr 1509: Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old 11 Jun 1509—11 Jun 1509: Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon 4 1509—28 Jan 1547: Henry VIII House of Tudor: Only surviving son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV
178	1510	1510—1510: Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel 1510—1510: Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein
179	1512	1512—1512: The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice versa 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London the "Auld Alliance" treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became Franch and vice versa Nov 1512—Nov 1512: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for the first time
180	1513	1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of the Scotish Army Death of King James IV of Scots 1513—1513: Urs Graf invents etching 16 Aug 1513—16 Aug 1513: Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at Guinegate 9 Sep 1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots
181	1514	1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland 1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland 1514—1514: The recording of testaments (wills) begins.
182	1515	15 Nov 1515—15 Nov 1515: Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal
183	1516	1516—1516: Thomas More writes Utopia'
184	1517	31 Oct 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as start of the Reformation 10 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg regarded as start of the Reformation
185	1518	1518—1518: Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored by Cardinal Wolsey
186	1520	Nov 1520—Nov 1520: Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
187	1521	17 Apr 1521—17 Apr 1521: Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings 17 May 1521—17 May 1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason 25 May 1521—25 May 1521: Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw
188	1522	6 Sep 1522—6 Sep 1522: The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world
189	1523	1523—1523: Sweden leaves the union
190	1525	1525—1525: New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale
191	1527	1527—1527: Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield
192	1528	1528—1528: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed
193	1529	1529—1529: Diet of Speyer: origin of the word Protestant
194	1531	11 Feb 1531—11 Feb 1531: Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England
195	1532	1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland 1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
196	1533	25 Jan 1533—25 Jan 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen on 1st June) 30 Mar 1533—30 Mar 1533: Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 23 May 1533—23 May 1533: Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled 11 Jul 1533—11 Jul 1533: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII 17 Sep 1533—17 Sep 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I
197	1534	1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII) 1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England Church (Henry VIII) 1534—1534: Jacques Cartier explores Gulf of St. Lawrence Cartier claims land for France
198	1535	1535—1535: Sir Thomas More executed
199	1536	1536—1536: Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 1536—1536: Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540) 1536—1536: Dissolution of monastries starts in England 19 May 1536—19 May 1536: Anne Boleyn executed 30 May 1536—30 May 1536: Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th October) 18 Jul 1536—18 Jul 1536: The authority of the Pope is declared void in England
200	1537	24 Oct 1537—24 Oct 1537: Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI
201	1538	1538—1538: Henry VIII issues English Bible 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 17 Dec 1538—17 Dec 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III
202	1540	1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 9th February - First recorded horse racing event in Britain at Chester 6 Jan 1540—6 Jan 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4 9 Feb 1540—9 Feb 1540: First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester 9 Jul 1540—9 Jul 1540: Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves 28 Jul 1540—28 Jul 1540: Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day, wife #5
203	1541	1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland 1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed King (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland 1541—1541: First French settlement Charlesbourg-Royal settlement esatablished by Cartier
204	1542	1542—1542: Ther Rout of Solway Moss and the death of King James V of Scots 13 Feb 1542—13 Feb 1542: Catherine Howard executed 14 Dec 1542—14 Dec 1542: Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots' succeeds him just 6 days old
205	1543	12 Jul 1543—12 Jul 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him 9 Sep 1543—9 Sep 1543: Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)
206	1544	1544—1544: Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders 1544—1544: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland 1544—1545: Mary of Guise Regent of Scotland Henrys VIII "Rough Wooing" of the Scottish Borders
207	1545	20 Jul 1545—20 Jul 1545: Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982
208	1546	1546—1546: Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII
209	1547	1547—1547: Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias' 1547—1547: Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves) 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales 1547—1553: King Edward VI King Edward VI ( 1547 - 1553 ) {\n}{\n}1547 - Edward VI accedes to the throne at the age of nine after the death of his father, Henry VIII.{\n}1547 - Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, uncle of Edward VI, is invested as Duke of Somerset and Protector of En 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in chruch services in England and Wales Battle of Pinkie{\n}The injuction to keep parish register reiterated{\n}Death of Henry VIII (Edward VI to 1553) 28 Jan 1547—28 Jan 1547: Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553) 20 Feb 1547—20 Feb 1547: Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey 10 Sep 1547—10 Sep 1547: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the British Isles 1 1547—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents. Was forced to name Lady Jane Grey his successor. Council of State proclaimed her queen July 10, 1553. Mary Tudor won Council, was proclaimed queen July 19, 1553.
210	1548	1548—1548: Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554
211	1549	1549—1549: English Parliament declares enclosures legal 1549—1549: First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal 1549—1549: Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand 1549—1549: 9th June First Book of Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament Wedding ring finger changed from right to left{\n}First Act of Uniformity in Engalnd made Catholic Mass illegal{\n}English Parliament declares enclosures legal 9 Jun 1549—9 Jun 1549: First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
212	1550	1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries 1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refuges from the Low Countries
213	1551	1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage 1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of Baptisms and banns of marriage
214	1552	1552—1552: Parishes are ordered to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage. Mar 1552—Mar 1552: An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England
215	1553	1553—1558: Queen Mary I Queen Mary I ( 1553 - 1558 ) {\n}{\n}1553 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen by the Protector, the Duke of Northumberland. After nine days, Mary arrives in London, Lady Jane Grey is arrested, and Mary is crowned Queen.{\n}1554 - After Mary declares her 7 Jun 1553—19 Jul 1553: Jane House of Tudor: Jane claimed throne on death of Edward VI, removed by Mary I 6 Jul 1553—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only 19 Jul 1553—19 Jul 1553: Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne 7 1553—17 Nov 1558: Mary I House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Catherine of Aragon
216	1554	1554—1554: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate at least 30 miles from their wives 1554—1558: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor 12 Feb 1554—12 Feb 1554: Lady Jane Grey beheaded
217	1555	1555—1555: Michel Nostradamus publishes his prophecies
218	1556	21 Mar 1556—21 Mar 1556: Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford
219	1557	1557—1557: The First Covenant signed in Scotland (Foundation of the Presbyterian Church)
220	1558	1558—1558: System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start 1558—1603: Reign of Elizabeth I - Policy of Plantation begins System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start Chancery Proceedings Indexes begin 1558—1603: Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I ( 1558 - 1603 ) {\n}{\n}1558 - Elizabeth accedes to the throne on the death of her half-sister, Mary.{\n}1559 - Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey in January.{\n}1559 - Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity restore the Prote 7 Jan 1558—7 Jan 1558: French take Calais, last English possession in France 24 Apr 1558—24 Apr 1558: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris 17 Nov 1558—17 Nov 1558: Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England 11 1558—24 Mar 1603: Elizabeth I House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn
221	1559	1559—1559: Tobacco introduced to Europe 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent Strenghtens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 15 Jan 1559—15 Jan 1559: Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of Carlisle 29 Apr 1559—29 Apr 1559: Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England & Wales; established Church of England
222	1560	1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 1560—1560: Protestantism is established. Pope's authority is abolished. Celebrating mass becomes illegal. 27 Feb 1560—27 Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland
223	1561	1561—1561: Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire 1561—1561: The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was introduced in 1663
224	1562	1562—1562: Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and the West Indies 1562—1562: African slave trade starts
225	1563	1563—1563: Papal recusants heavily fined for non-attendance at Church The Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from government offices 28 Jul 1563—28 Jul 1563: The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege
226	1564	26 Apr 1564—26 Apr 1564: Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616
227	1565	1565—1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Darley 29 Jul 1565—29 Jul 1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin
228	1566	1566—1566: Murder of Riccio in Holyrood House 9 Mar 1566—9 Mar 1566: Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House
229	1567	1567—1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Bothwell{\n}Earliest date in the French Protestant and Walloon registers 10 Feb 1567—10 Feb 1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion 15 May 1567—15 May 1567: Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell 24 Jul 1567—24 Jul 1567: Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI
230	1568	1568—1568: Battle of Langside Mary's flight into England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I 1568—1568: Bottled beer invented in London 13 May 1568—13 May 1568: Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I
231	1569	1569—1569: Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports 1569—1569: Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection
232	1570	25 Feb 1570—25 Feb 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England
233	1571	1571—1571: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 1571—1571: Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from 'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England Opening of the Royal Exchange, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham 1571—1572: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 23 Jan 1571—23 Jan 1571: Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham - this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666
234	1574	1574—1738: Colonial State Papers published continued to 1738
235	1577	1577—1577: James Burbage opens first theatre in London
236	1578	1578—1578: Earliest Quaker registers begin
237	1579	1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced 1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
238	1580	1580—1580: Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 6 Apr 1580—6 Apr 1580: Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais
239	1581	1581—1581: English Levant Company founded 16 Jan 1581—16 Jan 1581: English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism 4 Apr 1581—4 Apr 1581: Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after circumnavigating the world
240	1582	1582—1582: Gregorian calendar introduced in some couontires: Spain and Portugal, France, Low Countries, part of Italy, Denmark
241	1583	1583—1583: University of Edinburgh founded 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas University of Edinburgh founded Aug 1583—Aug 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's, Newfoundland
242	1584	4 Jun 1584—4 Jun 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'
243	1585	1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press 1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press Shakespeare started seriously to write about this time
244	1587	1587—1587: Introduction of potatoes to England 1587—1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by English at Fotheringay Castle near Peterborough 11th August; Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents, Virginia Dare (August 18th){\n}Introduction of potatoes to England 8 Feb 1587—8 Feb 1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough 19 Apr 1587—19 Apr 1587: Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour 11 Aug 1587—11 Aug 1587: Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)
245	1588	1588—1588: Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright 1588—1588: 29th July Defeat of the Spanish Armada (had set sail from Lisbon 20th May){\n}Invention of shorthand by Dr. Timothy Bright 19 Jul 1588—19 Jul 1588: Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May) 29 Jul 1588—29 Jul 1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines
246	1589	1589—1589: Englishmen, William Lee invents the knitting machine
247	1590	1590—1590: Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents the compound microscope
248	1591	1591—1591: Trinity College, Dublin, founded
249	1592	1592—1592: A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London 1592—1592: Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown 1592—1592: A congregational (or Independant) Church formed in London. Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all minsters equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown 1592—1592: The Presbyterian Church is formally established.
250	1593	1593—1593: British statute mile established by law 1593—1593: British statute mile established by law 1593—1593: Galileo invents a water thermometer
251	1594	1594—1594: Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)
252	1597	1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed 1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed
253	1598	1598—1598: Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre 1598—1598: Bishops transcript of English and Welsh parish registers start [some say 1597] Edict of Nantes gives Huguentots toleration if France
254	1600	1600—1600: Memoirs of Officers of the Royal Navy begin 1600—1600: The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar. 1 Jan 1600—1 Jan 1600: Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March) 31 Dec 1600—31 Dec 1600: British East India Company founded
255	1601	1601—1601: Great English Poor Law Act passed 1601—1601: First use of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster 1601—1601: Great English Poor Law passed First us of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster{\n}Easst India Company formed
256	1602	20 Mar 1602—20 Mar 1602: Dutch East India Company founded 8 Nov 1602—8 Nov 1602: Bodleian Library at Oxford University opened to the public
257	1603	1603—1625: King James I King James I ( 1603 - 1625 ) {\n}{\n}1603 - James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I.{\n}1603 - The Millenary Petition is presented to James I. It expresses Puritan desires for reforms to t 1603—1603: 24th March - Death of Queen Elizabeth I union of Scottish and English crowns under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 1603—1603: The crowns of England and Scotland unite. 24 Mar 1603—24 Mar 1603: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns - under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 25 Jul 1603—25 Jul 1603: Coronation - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain 3 1603—27 Mar 1625: James I House of Stuart: Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, granddaughter of James IV and Margaret. First to call himself King of Great Britain. This became official with the Act of Union, 1707.

My Footsteps

through our family History

Elizabeth Elena Allen