Timeline: Nancy Bird: Our Family History

	Date	Event(s)
1	1383	1383—99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
2	1750	1750—1805: Neo-Classical Period (Art and Antiques)
3	1755	1755—1827: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language by Dr, Johnson Period of canal construction began in Britian
4	1760	1760—1820: King George III King George III ( 1760 - 1820 ) {\n}{\n}1760 - George becomes king on the death of his grandfather, George II.{\n}1762 - The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. Bute proves so unpopular that he needs to have a bodyguard.{\n}1763 - Peace of Paris end 10 1760—29 Jan 1820: George III House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg
5	1763	1763—1884: POST-DEPORTATION PERIOD
6	1764	8 1764—1862: Indian treaties transferring land to Britain
7	1773	1773—1858: East India Company governs Hindustan
8	1787	7 1787—18 Feb 1803: Ohio Territory Organized
9	1797	4 Mar 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams John Adams U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams
10	1798	4 Jul 1798—9 Dec 1817: Mississippi Territory Organized
11	1800	5 Jul 1800—10 Dec 1816: Indiana Territory Organized Effective date 4 Jul 1800
12	1801	1801—1801: Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1801—1801: Grand Union Canal opens in England Grand Union Canal opens in England 1801—1805: Tripolitan War 1801—1805: Barbary Wars Also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1 Jan 1801—1 Jan 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag Union Jack becomes the official British flag 4 Mar 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson U.S. Presidency 10 Mar 1801—10 Mar 1801: First Census First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 1 Apr 1801—4 Jan 1805: First Barbary War First Barbary War 3 Apr 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson 24 Dec 1801—24 Dec 1801: First passenger Train Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
13	1802	25 Mar 1802—25 Mar 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondenc
14	1803	1803—1803: Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham 1803—1803: Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted 1803—1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 12 1803—9 Dec 1803: 12th Amendment passed by Congress 30 Apr 1803—30 Apr 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803—12 May 1803: Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 Jul 1803—23 Jul 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn) 2 1803—19 Feb 1803: Ohio 17th State
15	1804	1804—1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia' 1804—1804: Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive 1804—1804: Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting 21 Feb 1804—21 Feb 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 c 3 Mar 1804—3 Mar 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 Dec 1804—2 Dec 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 Dec 1804—12 Dec 1804: Spain declares war on Britain 6 1804—15 Jun 1804: 12th Amendment ratified
16	1805	1805—1805: London docks opened 3 Mar 1805—29 Apr 1812: Louisiana Territory Organized Effective date 4 July 1805 21 Oct 1805—21 Oct 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 1 Nov 1805—25 Jan 1837: Michigan Territory Organized Effective date 30 Jun 1805 2 Dec 1805—2 Dec 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
17	1806	1806—1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 1806—1806: Le Canadien newspaper founded First Québec nationalist newspaper 9 Jan 1806—9 Jan 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
18	1807	25 Mar 1807—25 Mar 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery 3 1807—25 Mar 1807: British abolish slave trade
19	1808	1808—1808: Gas lighting in London streets 1808—1808: Simon Fraser to Vancouver Fraser explores the river to the Pacific 13 Jul 1808—13 Jul 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London 20 Dec 1808—20 Dec 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
20	1809	1809—1809: Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp 12 Feb 1809—12 Feb 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 2 Mar 1809—2 Dec 1818: Illinois Territory Organized Effective date 1 Mar 1809 4 Mar 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison James Madison U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison 18 Sep 1809—18 Sep 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
21	1810	1810—1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling 1810—1810: German, Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press 1810—1810: Peter Durand invents the tin can
22	1811	1811—1811: David Thomson charts Columbia River Thomson explores and charts Columbia River to the coast 5 Feb 1811—5 Feb 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane 11 Jul 1811—7 Nov 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe Indian defeat causes Tecumseh to align with British
23	1812	1812—1815: War of 1812 United States vs Great Britain 1812—1812: A printed format for parish registers begins 6 Apr 1812—9 Aug 1821: Missouri Territory Organized Effective date 7 Dec 1812 8 Apr 1812—4 Aug 1812: Battle of Brownstown Ohio Militia from Detroit defeated by Tecumseh's Indians 11 May 1812—11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 12 Jun 1812—16 Feb 1815: War of 1812 War of 1812 18 Jun 1812—18 Jun 1812: Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada Oct 1812—Oct 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses 10 1812—13 Oct 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights General Brock killed but U.S. forces defeated after heavy fighting 8 1812—14 Aug 1812: Surrender of Fort Detroit General Brock commanding British & Canadian forces with Tecumseh's Indians cause U.s. forces to surrender 6 1812—24 Dec 1814: War of 1812 United States declares war on Great Britain (and Canada) 11 1812—20 Nov 1812: Battle of Lacolle Mills Two groups of U.S forces fight each other by mistake 9 1812—21 Sep 1812: Raid on Gananoque U.S. forces enter town, destroy food supplies and remove ammunition 11 1812—28 Nov 1812: Battle of Frenchman's Creek U.S forces from Black Rock (Buffalo, NY) invade Fort Erie and are repulsed 8 1812—29 Aug 1812: Earl of Selkirk establishes Red River Colony (Winnipeg) 4 1812—30 Apr 1812: Louisiana 18th State. Counties known as Parishes.
24	1813	1813—1813: Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice' 1813—1813: Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast 1813—1814: Creek War United States vs Creek Indians 12 1813—Dec 1813: U.S forces reoccupy Queenston and Chippawa (Niagara) Canadian Volunteers (traitors) send Loyalists to U.S. prisons 8 Feb 1813—2 Aug 1813: Battle of Fort Stephenson British/Canadian/Indian forces fail in attempt to take fort from U.S. forces 10 May 1813—5 Oct 1813: Battle of the Thames U.S. (Harrison) defeats British/Indian forces - Tecumseh dies 6 Jun 1813—6 Jun 1813: Battle of Stoney Creek confused fighting results in heavy losses on both sides 6 Aug 1813—8 Jun 1813: Battle of Forty Mile Creek U.S forces routed and retreat to Fort George 6 Aug 1813—8 Jun 1813: Skirmish of Butler's Farm (Two Mile Creek) U.S Lt. Eldridge and his men ambushed by combined British/Canadian/Indian forces 9 Sep 1813—9 Sep 1813: Battle for Lake Erie U.S. naval squadron of 9 ships defeats British 6-ship flotilla 9 Oct 1813—10 Sep 1813: Battle of Lake Erie (Put-in-Bay) U.S. navy defeats British ships and takes control of Lake Erie 12 Oct 1813—10 Dec 1813: Burning of Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) Canadian Volunteers (traitors) and U.S militia burn Newark to the ground 11 Nov 1813—11 Nov 1813: Battle of Crysler's Farm U.S forces defeated in attempted invasion of Lower Canada. U.S. forces defeated near Morrisburg by combined Canadian-British forces. 2 1813—22 Feb 1813: Battle of Ogdensburg, NY Glengarry Light Infantry attack and take Ogdensburg 6 1813—24 Jun 1813: Battle of Beaver Dam Laura Secord warns British of impending attack resulting in surrender of U.S forces at Thorold 5 1813—27 May 1813: Capture of Fort George U.S. forces invade Niagara 10 1813—26 Oct 1813: Battle of Chateauguay U.S forces defeated in attempted invasion of Lower Canada 4 1813—2 May 1813: Battle of Fort York (Toronto) U.S. forces take fort and occupy York for 5 days, plundering and destroying the town by burning 5 1813—24 Jun 1813: Battles of Niagara frontier U.S. forces advance into Upper Canada
25	1814	1814—1814: At the Treaty of Kiel, Denmark is compelled to cede Norway to Sweden 1814—1814: George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive 1814—1814: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph 1814—1814: German, Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects 1814—1814: The first plastic surgery is performed in England 1 Jan 1814—1 Jan 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 7 Mar 1814—3 Jul 1814: Capture of Fort Erie British forces manning Fort Erie surrender to overwhelming U.S. odds 3 Apr 1814—20 Aug 1814: U.S. raids into Western Upper Canada U.S. forces raid western Lake Erie communities 6 Apr 1814—6 Apr 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 7 May 1814—5 Jul 1814: Battle at Chippawa U.S. forces take over entire Niagara frontier 13 Aug 1814—13 Aug 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 Aug 1814—24 Aug 1814: The British burn the White House 29 Nov 1814—29 Nov 1814: 'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour) 24 Dec 1814—24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US 8 1814—17 Sep 1814: Siege at Fort Erie British forces fail in their attempt to recover Fort Erie from U.S. forces 7 1814—19 Jul 1814: Battle for Prarie du Chien British forces comprised mainly of Indians capture U.S. garrison 7 1814—18 Jul 1814: Burning of St. Davids U.S. militia capture St. Davids then loot and burn most buildings 10 1814—20 Oct 1814: Battle of Cook's Mills (Lyons Creek) The last battle on Canadian soil 12 1814—24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent End of United States - British war of 1812 7 1814—26 Jul 1814: Battle of Lundy's Lane The fiercest battle of the U.S.-British war 3 1814—30 Mar 1814: Battle of Lacolle Mills U.S. forces defeated in attempted invasion
26	1815	1815—1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815—1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 1815—1815: Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp 2 1815—Feb 1815: British incentive to emigrate to Upper Canada Britain encourages 5,000 settlers to leave Britain 3 Mar 1815—24 Sep 1816: Second Barbary War Second Barbary War 18 Jun 1815—18 Jun 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
27	1816	1816—1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins 1816—1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816—1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years 1816—1816: Income tax abolished 1816—1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage 12 Nov 1816—11 Dec 1816: Indiana 19th State
28	1817	1817—1817: Constable painted 'Flatford Mill' 1817—1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817—1898: Indian Wars 1817—1817: Census of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia census adds place-of-birth question 3 Mar 1817—13 Dec 1819: Alabama Territory Organized 4 Mar 1817—4 Mar 1825: James Monroe James Monroe U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1817—3 Mar 1825: James Monroe 12 Oct 1817—10 Dec 1817: Mississippi 20th State
29	1818	1818—1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 1818—1819: First Seminole War 1818—1818: The 49th parallel becomes border Canada-US border officially set from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains 12 Mar 1818—3 Dec 1818: Illinois 21st State 20 Oct 1818—20 Oct 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
30	1819	1819—1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles 1819—1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819—1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819—1819: René Laënnec invents the stethoscope 1819—1819: Samuel Fahnestock patents a "soda fountain" 3 Feb 1819—14 Jun 1836: Arkansas Territory Organized Effective 4 July 1819 May 1819—May 1819: SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail) 16 Aug 1819—16 Aug 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others 12 1819—14 Dec 1819: Alabama 22nd State
31	1820	1820—1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 1820—1820: Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820—1820: Cape Breton Island re-annexed to Nova Scotia 1820—1820: Militia land grants 1812-1814 militiamen entitled to land grants 29 Jan 1820—29 Jan 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 Aug 1820—1 Aug 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 Aug 1820—17 Aug 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords 3 1820—15 Mar 1820: Maine 23rd State 1 1820—20 Jun 1830: George IV House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811
32	1821	1821—1821: Constable paints 'The Hay Wain' 1821—1821: Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation' 5 May 1821—5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena 8 Oct 1821—10 Aug 1821: Missouri 24th State
33	1822	14 Jun 1822—14 Jun 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society 3 1822—2 Mar 1845: Florida Territory Organized
34	1823	1823—1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 1823—1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823—1823: Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823—1823: New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session 1823—1823: Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland 2 Dec 1823—2 Dec 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
35	1824	1824—1824: Portland cement patented 1824—1824: RSPCA established 1824—1824: Canada (Land) Company formed acquires outstanding Crown reserves 1824—1824: First annual numerical census of Upper Canada Census counts 150,066 individuals 1824—1824: Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon 1824—1824: Englishmen, Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material 4 Mar 1824—4 Mar 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854) 10 May 1824—10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
36	1825	1825—1825: William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet 4 Mar 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams 10 May 1825—5 Oct 1825: The Miramichi Fire 200-500 people killed in fire that destroys the New Brunswick towns of Newcastle and Douglastown 27 Sep 1825—27 Sep 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains 6 1825—20 Sep 1825: Lower Canada (Quebec} census count of population by family
37	1826	1826—1826: Red River flooding High waters force the complete evacuation of the 10-year-old Red River Colony -- the future Winnipeg, Manitoba
38	1827	1827—1827: Ohm's Law published 1827—1827: Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone 1827—1827: John Walker invents the modern matches
39	1828	1828—1828: Naturalization commences Naturalization required for non-British persons 11 Jul 1828—1829: Military rolls taken in Canada West (Ontario) military records name every soldier from 19 to 39 years of age 25 Oct 1828—25 Oct 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
40	1829	1829—1829: Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind 1829—1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel 1829—1829: Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records. 1829—1829: Welland Canal opens Lake Ontario to Lake Erie canal opens 1829—1829: William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter 1829—1829: Frenchmen, Louis Braille invents braille printing 1829—1829: American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter 5 1829—May 1829: Guelph, Ontario, tornado tornado destroys many homes 4 Mar 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson 10 Jun 1829—10 Jun 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 Oct 1829—6 Oct 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
41	1830	1830—1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium 1830—1830: Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine Jul 1830—Jul 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 Sep 1830—15 Sep 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over! 6 1830—20 Jun 1837: William IV House of Hanover: 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
42	1831	1831—1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1831—1831: Marriage Act amended allows Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist, Mennonite, Independent, Dunkers and Moravian clergy to legally perform marriages 1831—1831: American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper 1831—1831: Michael Faraday invents an electric dynamo 6 Jan 1831—1 Oct 1831: Lower Canada (Quebec) census count of population by family 1 Jun 1831—1 Jun 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 Aug 1831—1 Aug 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
43	1832	1832—1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 1832—1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832—1836: Texas Revolutionary War Texas vs Mexico 1832—1832: Englishmen, Louis Braille invents the stereoscope 4 Jan 1832—1937: Immigrants quarantined at Grosse Isle Canada's immigrant quarantine station opens at Grosse Isle 14 May 1832—2 Aug 1832: Black Hawk War Black Hawk War 7 Jun 1832—7 Jun 1832: Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act 6 1832—Sep 1832: Cholera epidemic - Canada West First province-wide cholera epidemic
44	1833	1833—1833: Abolition of slavery Jan 1833—Jan 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 Aug 1833—29 Aug 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
45	1834	1834—1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 1834—1834: Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine) 1834—1834: Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent 7 1834—15 Sep 1834: Cholera epidemic - Canada West Second province-wide cholera epidemic 18 Mar 1834—18 Mar 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 May 1834—1 May 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
46	1835	1835—1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway 1835—1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835—1842: Second Seminole War 1835—1835: Englishmen, Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller 1835—1835: Englishmen, Henry F. Talbot invents Calotype photography 1835—1835: Solymon Merrick patents the wrench 1835—1835: Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator 2 Oct 1835—21 Apr 1836: Texas War of Independence Texas War of Independence 3 Nov 1835—11 Mar 1835: First formal police force Canadian police force established in Toronto
47	1836	1836—1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 1836—1836: Samuel Colt invented the first revolver 30 Jan 1836—30 Jan 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 Feb 1836—25 Feb 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 Mar 1836—6 Mar 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett 11 May 1836—2 Feb 1848: Mexican-American War Mexican-American War Jul 1836—Jul 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris 6 1836—15 Jun 1836: Arkansas 25th State 4 1836—28 May 1848: Wisconsin Territory Organized Effective date 3 Jul 1836
48	1837	1837—1837: P&O Founded 1837—1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837—1837: Samuel Morse invents the telegraph 1837—1837: English schoolmaster, Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp 11 1837—Dec 1837: Lower Canada Rebellion French and English rebel against British colonial government 12 1837—Dec 1837: Upper Canada Rebellion An uprising against the ruling clique -- the Family Compact 4 Mar 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin van Buren 12 Apr 1837—7 Dec 1837: Mackenzie Rebellion U.S. patriotic rebels fight Loyalists in Toronto 20 Jun 1837—20 Jun 1837: William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 Jul 1837—1 Jul 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 Jul 1837—13 Jul 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 Jul 1837—20 Jul 1837: Euston Railway station opens - first in London 6 1837—22 Jan 1901: Victoria House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III; married (1840) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince Consort 1 1837—26 Jan 1837: Michigan 26th State
49	1838	1838—1838: Samual Morse invents Morse Code 28 Jun 1838—28 Jun 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey 11 Nov 1838—16 Nov 1838: Rebellion of Hastings County, Ontario U.S. patriots raid Prescott 6 Dec 1838—27 Dec 1846: Iowa Territory Organized Effective date 3 July 1838
50	1839	1839—1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber 1839—1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense 1839—1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong 1839—1839: Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography 1839—1839: Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle 1839—1839: American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization 1839—1839: Welshmen, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell 1839—1839: American, Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales 1 1839—Jan 1839: Durham Report Proposal to unite Upper and Lower Canada and assimilate the French
51	1840	1840—1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 1840—1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840—1840: Englishmen, John Herschel invents the blueprint 10 Jan 1840—10 Jan 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
52	1841	1841—1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 1841—1841: The first census of genealogical value is taken. 1841—1841: Samuel Slocum patents the stapler 10 Feb 1841—10 Feb 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 4 Mar 1841—4 Apr 1841: William Henry Harrison William Henry Harriso 3 Apr 1841—4 Apr 1841: William H. Harrison William Henry Harrison succumbed to pneumonia 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler John Tyler U.S. Presidency 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler John Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president 6 Jun 1841—6 Jun 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M) 2 Oct 1841—10 Feb 1841: Act of Union Upper and Lower Canada united to become the Province of Canada and renamed to Canada East and Canada West
53	1842	1842—1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 1842—1842: Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator 2 Jan 1842—1 Feb 1842: First major census taken Canada West (Ontario) census counts 487,053 individuals 30 Mar 1842—30 Mar 1842: Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 Aug 1842—29 Aug 1842: Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
54	1843	1843—1843: First Christmas card in England 1843—1843: Alexander Bain of Scotland, invents the facsimile 27 May 1843—27 May 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 Jul 1843—19 Jul 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
55	1844	1844—1844: Englishmen, John Mercer invents mercerized cotton 6 Jun 1844—6 Jun 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
56	1845	1845—1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 1845—1845: USA doubles cost of passage to American ports USA passage fees encourage immigrants to choose Canada as their destination 1845—1845: American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine 1845—1845: Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire 3 Mar 1845—3 Mar 1845: Florida 27th State 4 Mar 1845—4 Mar 1849: James K. Polk James K. Polk U.S. Presidency 17 Mar 1845—17 Mar 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry 3 Apr 1845—5 Mar 1849: James Polk 12 1845—29 Dec 1845: Texas 28th State 5 1845—28 Jan 1861: Kansas Territory Organized
57	1846	1846—1846: Canada-U.S. Boundary Completed 1846—1846: Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction 10 Sep 1846—10 Sep 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe 4 1846—2 Feb 1848: Mexican-American War 12 1846—28 Dec 1846: Iowa 29th State
58	1847	1847—1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre 1847—1847: Longfellow writes the poem Evangeline The poem Evangeline by Henry Wadsworth Longefellow is published. A spirit of pride and hope is rekindled among the Acadians. 1847—1847: Typhus epidemic The height of the typhus and cholera epidemic brought by immigrants - the black year of emigration 1847—1848: Influenza epidemic worldwide influenza kills millions 1847—1847: Hungarian, Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics Jan 1847—Jan 1847: An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
59	1848	1848—1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 1848—1848: 1842's followup census completed Canada West (Ontario) counts 725,897 individuals 1848—1848: Waldo Hanchett patents the dental chair 24 Jan 1848—24 Jan 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush 11 Jul 1848—11 Jul 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens 8 1848—13 Feb 1859: Oregon Territory Organized 5 1848—29 May 1848: Wisconsin 30th State
60	1849	1849—1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971! 1849—1849: Canada's 49th parallel border is extended to the Pacific Ocean 1849—1849: Official bilingualism All Canadian parliament bills are now in both English and French 1849—1849: Walter Hunt invents the safety pin 3 Mar 1849—10 Nov 1858: Minnesota Territory Organized 4 Mar 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor U.S. Presidency 3 May 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor died while in office 10 Nov 1849—11 Oct 1849: Annexation Manifesto Montreal's businessmen call for Canada's annexation by the U.S.
61	1850	1850—1850: Joel Houghton was granted the first dishwasher patent 1 Jan 1850—1 Jan 1850: County government Counties become official units of local government 9 Jul 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore U.S. Presidency 6 Sep 1850—3 Jan 1896: Utah Territory Organized 9 Sep 1850—5 Jan 1912: New Mexico Territory Organized 9 Sep 1850—9 Sep 1850: California 31st State 7 Oct 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore, vice president under Zachary Taylor, sworn in as president after Taylor's death
62	1851	1851—1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1851—1851: First Canadian postage stamp Orange-red stamp is created by Sir Sandford Fleming, sells for three pence and features a beaver 1851—1851: Toronto-Buffalo rail line constructed Great Western Railway creates Toronto-Buffalo line 1851—1851: Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine 1 May 1851—1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
63	1852	1852—1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852—1852: Wells Fargo established in USA 1852—1852: Jean Bernard Léon Foucault invents a gyroscope 1852—1852: Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine - unsuccessful design 1 Dec 1852—12 Jan 1852: First "thorough" Canadian census "1851" census includes Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, but was not completed until 1853
64	1853	1853—1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain 1853—1853: George Cayley invents a manned glider 3 Feb 1853—10 Nov 1889: Washington Territory Organized 4 Mar 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce
65	1854	1854—1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 1854—1854: John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics 27 Mar 1854—27 Mar 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 Oct 1854—25 Oct 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade) 5 1854—28 Feb 1867: Nebraska Territory Organized
66	1855	1855—1855: Civil registration begins. 1855—1855: Ice Hockey The first game of ice hockey is believed to have been played in Kingston, Ontario 1855—1855: Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine motor 1855—1855: Georges Audemars invents rayon 1 Jan 1855—1 Jan 1855: Ottawa named The logging town of Bytown is renamed to Ottawa
67	1856	1856—1856: End of Crimean War 1856—1856: Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation 29 Jan 1856—29 Jan 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
68	1857	1857—1857: Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable 1857—1857: Ottawa is declared the capital of Canada by Queen Victoria 1857—1857: George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel 4 Mar 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan James Buchanan U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan
69	1858	1858—1858: Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London 1858—1858: 'The great stink' - smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work 1858—1858: Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine 1858—1858: Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine 5 Nov 1858—11 May 1858: Minnesota 32nd State
70	1859	1859—1859: Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain 25 Apr 1859—25 Apr 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869) 4 May 1859—4 May 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall 24 Nov 1859—24 Nov 1859: Charles Darwin publishes 'The Origin of Species' 2 1859—14 Feb 1859: Oregon 33rd State
71	1860	1860—1860: The Maple Leaf first used as official emblem of Canada during visit from the Prince of Wales 29 Aug 1860—29 Aug 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
72	1861	1861—1861: Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator 1861—1861: Pierre Michaux invents a bicycle 1861—1861: Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock 2 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: North Dakota Territory Organized 3 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: South Dakota Territory Organized 3 Feb 1861—30 Oct 1864: Nevada Territory Organized 4 Mar 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth on 14 Apr 1865 and dies the next day 12 Apr 1861—9 Apr 1865: American Civil War American Civil War 25 May 1861—25 May 1861: American Civil War begins 1 1861—14 Jan 1861: Canadian census 1861 census includes Canada West, Canada East, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island 4 1861—9 Apr 1865: Civil War Union vs Confederacy 2 1861—31 Jul 1876: Colorado Territory Organized 1 1861—29 Jan 1861: Kansas 34th State
73	1862	1862—1862: Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks) 1862—1862: Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic 1862—1862: Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun 20 Apr 1862—20 Apr 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
74	1863	1863—1863: Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England 1863—1863: Football Association founded (UK) 1863—1863: Denmark goes to war against Prussia and Austria. In the Treaty of Prague (1866), Denmark cedes Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia (Ge 10 Jan 1863—10 Jan 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens 3 Mar 1863—2 Jul 1890: Idaho Territory Organized 6 1863—20 Jun 1863: West Virginia 35th State 2 1863—13 Feb 1912: Arizona Territory Organized
75	1864	1864—1864: A man-powered submarine, 'Hunley' sank a Federal steam ship USS Housatonic at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 - the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship 11 Mar 1864—11 Mar 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood - over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time 20 Aug 1864—20 Aug 1864: Red Cross established - Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention 8 Dec 1864—8 Dec 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened 5 1864—7 Nov 1889: Montana Territory Organized 10 1864—31 Oct 1864: Nevada 36th State
76	1865	1865—1865: First concrete roads built in Britain 1865—1865: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908] 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: End of American Civil War - slavery abolished in USA 15 Apr 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson U.S. Presidency 12 Jun 1865—6 Dec 1865: 13th Amendment ratified 5 Jul 1865—5 Jul 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London 4 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson, vice president under Abraham Lincoln, sworn in as president upon Lincoln's death 1 1865—31 Jan 1865: 13th Amendment passed by Congress
77	1866	1866—1866: Fenian Raids Irish Americans raid Canada 1866—1866: Ontario Gold Rush Gold discovered in Eldorado, Hastings County, Ontario 1866—1866: Englishmen Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo 1866—1866: J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener 1866—1866: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite 6 1866—13 Jun 1866: 14th Amendment passed by Congress
78	1867	1867—1867: Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter 3 Jan 1867—1 Mar 1867: Nebraska 37th State 7 Jan 1867—1 Jul 1867: 10-year census taking becomes a legal requirement the first census of The Dominion of Canada is scheduled for 1871 and every 10 years after 7 Jan 1867—1 Jul 1867: Confederation British North America Act creates the Dominion of Canada from the provinces of Canada (Upper and Lower), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 1 Jul 1867—1 Jul 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
79	1868	1868—1868: Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia) 1868—1868: Vote given to male British subjects British males, 21 years of age or older who own, rent or occupy property of specified values are entitled to vote 1868—1868: J P Knight invents traffic lights 1868—1868: George Westinghouse invents air brakes 1868—1868: Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel 7 1868—19 Jul 1868: 14th Amendment ratified 7 1868—9 Jul 1890: Wyoming Territory Organized
80	1869	1869—1869: Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented 7 Jan 1869—1 Jul 1869: Ontario begins BMD registration Start of Ontario's registration of births, marriages and deaths 4 Mar 1869—4 Mar 1877: Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1869—5 Mar 1877: Ulysses Grant 23 Nov 1869—23 Nov 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton 11 1869—15 Jul 1870: Rupert's Land joins Canada Canada purchases Rupert's Land from Hudson's Bay Company. Some of this land is added to Ontario, and the rest is later divided into the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories 2 1869—26 Feb 1869: 15th Amendment passed by Congress
81	1870	1870—1870: Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa 1870—1870: Water closets come into wide use 1870—1870: Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children 1870—1870: GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised) 1870—1870: First census of British Columbia 2 Mar 1870—3 Feb 1870: 15th Amendment ratified 1 Oct 1870—1 Oct 1870: First British postcard - halfpenny post 7 1870—15 Jul 1870: Manitoba created Part of Rupert's Land becomes Manitoba -- the fifth province 7 1870—15 Jul 1870: Northwest Territories created Part of Rupert's Land becomes the Northwest Territories
82	1871	4 Feb 1871—2 Apr 1871: Dominion of Canada Census The first national census after Confederation includes Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia - counts 3,689,257 27 Mar 1871—27 Mar 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh 29 Mar 1871—29 Mar 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London 29 Jun 1871—29 Jun 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal 7 1871—20 Jul 1871: British Columbia joins Canada British Columbia becomes Canada's sixth province
83	1872	1872—1872: Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales) 1872—1872: Licensing hours introduced 1872—1872: Chinese and First Nations banned from voting in BC The British Columbia Qualifications of Voters Act denies the Chinese and First Nations peoples the right to vote 1872—1872: Dominion Land Act Prairies opened for settlement by offer of 160 acres of land to each settler, resident for 3 years and paying a $10 filing fee 1872—1872: A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog 1872—1872: J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill 4 Dec 1872—4 Dec 1872: American ship 'Mary Celeste' is found abandoned by the British brig 'Dei Gratia' in the Atlantic Ocean
84	1873	1873—1873: North-West Mounted Police created "Mounties" formed from civilians to patrol the west 1873—1873: Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire 7 Jan 1873—1 Jul 1873: Prince Edward Island joins Canada Prince Edward Island becomes Canada's seventh province 5 1873—13 May 1873: Nova Scotia coal mine explosion 60 men die in Westville, Nova Scotia when a coal mine is destroyed by fire and explosion 8 1873—25 Aug 1873: The Great Nova Scotia Cyclone 500 killed by cyclone
85	1874	1874—1874: Factory Act introduces 56-hour week 1874—1874: Voting rights extended male British subjects 21 years old and over, with annual income of $400 and 'enfranchised Indians' given the right to vote 1874—1874: American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher 5 Apr 1874—5 Apr 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world - features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
86	1875	1875—1875: London's main sewage system completed 1875—1875: Supreme Court of Canada established 1875—1875: Western Indian treaties signed 1 Jan 1875—1 Jan 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
87	1876	1876—1876: Nicolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine 1876—1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 1876—1876: Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper 8 Jan 1876—1 Aug 1876: Colorado 38th State 14 Feb 1876—14 Feb 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone - Bell awarded the rights
88	1877	1877—1877: Edison invents microphone and phonograph 1877—1877: Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph 1877—1877: Eadweard Muybridge invents the first moving pictures 4 Mar 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes U.S. Presidenc 3 May 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford Hayes
89	1878	1878—1878: CID established at New Scotland Yard 1878—1878: Edison & Swan invent electric lamp 1878—1878: Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph 1878—1878: Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb
90	1879	18 Sep 1879—18 Sep 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
91	1880	1880—1880: Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria 1880—1880: Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds 1880—7 Nov 1885: Chinese build railroad The construction of the western section of the Canadian Pacific Railway employs thousands of Chinese workers 1880—1880: Englishmen, John Milne invents the modern seismograph 1880—1880: The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper 2 Aug 1880—2 Aug 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
92	1881	1881—1881: Postal Orders introduced 1881—1881: Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy 1881—1881: First Acadian Convention at Memramcook First Acadian Convention at Memramcook. The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Mother is voted as the Acadian National holiday and is celebrated each year on August 15th. 1881—1881: David Houston patents the roll film for cameras 1881—1881: Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector 1881—1881: Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano 4 Mar 1881—19 Sep 1881: James A. Garfield James A. Garfield U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1881—19 Sep 1881: James Garfield James Garfield wounded by assassin's bullet on 3 Jul 1881 and dies 19 Sep 1881 4 Apr 1881—4 Apr 1881: Census of Canada counts 4,324,810 individuals Sep 1881—Sep 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904) 19 Sep 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur U.S. Presidency 26 Oct 1881—26 Oct 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral 9 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur, vice president under James Garfield, sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield
93	1882	1882—1882: Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed 1882—1882: Home children arrive First shipload of sponsored immigrant children arrive in Canada (Dr. Barnardo Homes etc.) 1882—1882: Northwest Territories divided Athabasca, Assiniboia, Alberta and Saskatchewan created
94	1883	1883—1883: Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France 24 May 1883—24 May 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River) 1 Aug 1883—1 Aug 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain 27 Aug 1883—27 Aug 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java - 30,000 killed by tidal wave
95	1884	1884—1884: Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche on Prince Edward Island. The tri-color with gold star is approved as the Acadian flag and the hymn Ave Maris Stella becomes the national anthem of the Acadians. 1884—1884: Voting rights extended Spinsters and widows permitted to vote in municipal elections 1884—1884: James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register 1884—1884: Charles Parson patents the steam turbine 1884—1884: Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen 1884—1884: George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film 1884—1884: Frenchmen, H. de Chardonnet invents rayon 31 May 1884—31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 Oct 1884—13 Oct 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
96	1885	1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine 1885—1885: Harim Maxim invents the machine gun 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle Mar 1885—Mar 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 4 Mar 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland 11 Jul 1885—7 Nov 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway Completed 'Here on November 7, 1885, a plain iron spike welded East to West', says a plaque in Craigellachie, Eagle Pass, BC 5 Sep 1885—5 Sep 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 Sep 1885—29 Sep 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool 11 1885—16 Nov 1885: Louis Riel hanged Accused of treason for leading the Métis resistance, Louis Riel's hanging in Regina further degrades English-French relations
97	1886	1886—1886: Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle 1886—1886: John Pemberton invents Coca Cola 1886—1886: Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher 20 Jan 1886—20 Jan 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales May 1886—May 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named 'Coca-Cola' 29 May 1886—29 May 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
98	1887	1887—1887: Daimler produces a four-wheeled motor car 1887—1887: German, Heinrich Hertz invents radar 1887—1887: Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire 1887—1887: Emile Berliner invents the gramophone 1887—1887: F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses 5 Mar 1887—3 May 1887: Coal mine explosion in Nanaimo, BC 148 killed in mine explosion
99	1888	1888—1888: First box camera - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film 1888—1888: Dunlop invents pneumatic tyre 1888—1888: County Councils set up in Britain 1888—1888: Jack the Ripper active in east London during the latter half of the year 1888—1888: Convention of Constantinople guarantees free maritime passage through Suez Canal in war and peace 1888—1888: Voting rights extended All adult male British subjects except unenfranchised Indians living on reserves are permitted to vote 1888—1888: John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire 1888—1888: Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer 1888—1888: Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws 20 Mar 1888—20 Mar 1888: Football League formed
100	1889	1889—1889: Dock Strike - docker's won their 'Docker's Tanner' 6 old pennies 1889—1889: Celluloid film produced 1889—1889: Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act Ontario's western boundary extended to west of Lake Superior 1889—1889: Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder 1889—1889: Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: South Dakota 40th State 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: North Dakota 39th State 4 Mar 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison U.S. Presidency 31 Mar 1889—31 Mar 1889: Eiffel Tower completed (to mark centenary of French Revolution) 3 Apr 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison 14 May 1889—14 May 1889: Children's charity NSPCC launched in London 3 Jun 1889—3 Jun 1889: Canadian Pacific Railway completed from coast to coast 11 Aug 1889—8 Nov 1889: Montana 41st State 28 Sep 1889—28 Sep 1889: Length of a metre defined 11 Nov 1889—11 Nov 1889: Washington 42nd State
101	1890	5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Indian Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Oklahoma Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 4 Mar 1890—4 Mar 1890: Forth railway bridge opens - took six years to build 7 Mar 1890—3 Jul 1890: Idaho 43rd State 7 Oct 1890—10 Jul 1890: Wyoming 44th State 4 Nov 1890—4 Nov 1890: City & South London Railway opens - London's first deep-level tube railway and first major railway in the world to use electric traction
102	1891	1891—1891: Primary education made free and compulsory 1891—1891: First Children's Aid Society is established in Toronto 1891—1891: Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator 18 Mar 1891—18 Mar 1891: First telephone link between London & Paris 4 May 1891—4 May 1891: Fictional date when Sherlock Holmes throws Moriarty over Reichenbach Falls, then disappears for 3 years! (published in 1893) 4 Jun 1891—6 Apr 1891: Census of Canada counts 4,833,239 individuals 24 Aug 1891—24 Aug 1891: Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera
103	1892	1892—1892: Electric oven invented 1892—1892: Shop Hours Act - limit 74 hours per week for under-18's 1892—1892: Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask 1892—1892: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine 6 Oct 1892—6 Oct 1892: Alfred Lord Tennyson dies, aged 83, at his house Aldworth, near Haslemere
104	1893	1893—1893: Zip fastener invented 1893—1893: Henry Ford's first car 1893—1893: American, W.L. Judson invents the zipper 1893—1893: Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum 4 Mar 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland
105	1894	1894—1894: Picture postcard introduced in Britain 1 Jan 1894—1 Jan 1894: Manchester Ship Canal opens 1 Mar 1894—1 Mar 1894: Blackpool Tower opens 30 Jun 1894—30 Jun 1894: Tower Bridge first opens 2 Aug 1894—2 Aug 1894: Death duties first introduced in Britain
106	1895	1895—1895: Sir Henry Wood starts Promenade Concerts in London 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe 12 Jan 1895—12 Jan 1895: The National Trust founded in England 24 May 1895—24 May 1895: Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted 28 May 1895—28 May 1895: Oscar Wilde sent to prison 12 Jul 1895—12 Jul 1895: First recorded motor journey of any length (56 miles) in Britain 17 Oct 1895—17 Oct 1895: First people in Britain to be charged with motor offences - John Henry Knight and James Pullinger of Farnham, Surrey Nov 1895—Nov 1895: X-rays discovered
107	1896	1896—1896: Gold discovered in Yukon Gold found in Bonanza Creek, Klondike River, Yukon 1896—1896: American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel 1 Apr 1896—4 Jan 1896: Utah 45th State 5 Apr 1896—5 Apr 1896: First modern Olympic Games held in Athens 2 Jun 1896—2 Jun 1896: Guglielmo Marconi receives a British patent (later disputed) for the radio
108	1897	1897—1897: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector 4 Mar 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley dies in Buffalo, NY.
109	1898	1898—1898: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company founded 1898—1898: Zeppelin builds airship 1898—1898: First photograph using artificial light 1898—1898: Klondike gold rush Gold rush along the upper Yukon River 1898—1898: Yukon gold rush 1898—1898: Rudolf Diesel receives patent #608,845 for an "internal combustion engine" the Diesel engine 1898—1898: Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster 17 Mar 1898—17 Mar 1898: USS Holland launched, the first practical submarine 25 Apr 1898—12 Aug 1898: Spanish-American War Spanish-American War 27 Jun 1898—27 Jun 1898: The first solo circumnavigation of the globe completed at Rhode island by Joshua Slocum in Spray (started from Boston, Mass on Apr 24, 1895) 7 Jul 1898—20 Aug 1959: Territory of Hawaii was Oraganized 6 1898—13 Jun 1898: The Yukon joins Canada Yukon becomes an entity separate from the North-West Territories 4 1898—10 Dec 1898: Spanish-American War United States vs Spain
110	1899	1899—1899: J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1899—1899: I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame 6 Mar 1899—6 Mar 1899: Aspirin first marketed by Bayer 2 Jun 1899—4 Jul 1902: Philippine-American War Philippine-American War 11 Oct 1899—11 Oct 1899: Start of Second Boer War 2 Nov 1899—7 Sep 1901: Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion 10 1899—30 Oct 1899: Boer War Canadian troops sent overseas for the first time to fight in the Boer War, but this is opposed by Quebec
111	1900	1900—1900: School leaving age in Britain raised to 14 years 1900—1900: Central Line opens in London: underground is electrified 1900—1900: Escalator shown at Paris exhibition 1900—1900: The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900—1900: Charles Seeberger redesigned Jesse Reno's escalator and invented the modern escalator 9 Feb 1900—9 Feb 1900: Davis Cup tennis competition established 27 Feb 1900—27 Feb 1900: Labour Party formed
112	1901	1901—1901: Hubert Cecil Booth patents the vacuum cleaner 1901—1901: Commonwealth of Australia founded 1901—1901: King Camp Gillette invents the double-edged safety razor 1901—1901: The first radio receiver, successfully received a radio transmission 1901—1901: Hubert Booth invents a compact and modern vacuum cleaner 22 Jan 1901—22 Jan 1901: Queen Victoria dies - Edward VII king 2 Feb 1901—2 Feb 1901: Queen Victoria's funeral - interred beside Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park Jun 1901—Jun 1901: Denunciation of use of concentration camps by British in Boer War 14 Sep 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt U.S. Presidenc 2 Oct 1901—2 Oct 1901: Britain's first submarine launched 12 Dec 1901—12 Dec 1901: First successful radio transmission across the Atlantic, by Marconi - Morse code from Cornwall to Newfoundland 9 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, vice president under William McKinley, sworn in as president upon death of McKinley 1 1901—6 May 1910: Edward VII House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Eldest son of Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess of Denmark 3 1901—31 Mar 1901: Census of Canada counts 5,371,315 individuals
113	1902	1902—1902: Marie Curie discovers radioactivity 1902—1902: Cremation Act - cremation can only take place at officially recognised establishments, and with two death certificates issued 1902—1902: Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902—1902: Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner 1902—1902: French physicist George Claude invents neon light 1902—1902: The lie detector or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie 1902—1902: The birth of the Teddy Bear 24 May 1902—24 May 1902: Empire Day (later Commonwealth Day) first celebrated 31 May 1902—31 May 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Boer War 9 Aug 1902—9 Aug 1902: Coronation of Edward VII
114	1903	1903—1903: Women's Social and Political Union formed in Britain by Emmeline Pankhurst 1903—1903: Henry Ford sets up his motor company 1903—1903: Workers' Education Association (WEA) formed in Britain 1903—1903: Canada loses the Alaska Boundary Dispute to the USA 1903—1903: Edward Binney and Harold Smith co-invent crayons 1903—1903: Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens 1903—1903: The Wright brothers invent the first gas motored and manned airplane 1903—1903: Mary Anderson invents windshield wipers 1903—1903: William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in lightbulbs 14 Dec 1903—14 Dec 1903: First flight of Wilbur & Orville Wright 4 1903—29 Apr 1903: Frank Slide, Alberta Turtle Mountain landslide, caused by mining, buries town and population of Frank in Alberta
115	1904	1904—1904: Leeds University established 1904—1904: Teabags invented by Thomas Suillivan 1904—1904: Benjamin Holt invents a tractor 1904—1904: John A Fleming invents a vacuum diode or Fleming valve 8 Apr 1904—8 Apr 1904: France and UK sign the Entente Cordiale 4 May 1904—4 May 1904: America takes over construction of the Panama Canal from the French (completed 1914)
116	1905	1905—1905: Germany lays down the first Dreadnought battleship 1905—1905: Aliens Act in Britain: Home Office controls immigration 1905—1905: The title 'Prime Minister' noted in a royal warrant for the first time - placed the Prime Minister in order of precedence in Britain immediately after the Archbishop of York 1905—1905: Albert Einstein published the Theory of Relativity and made famous the equation, E = mc2 1905—1905: Mary Anderson receives a patent for windshield wipers 9 Jan 1905—1 Sep 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan join Canada Alberta and Saskatchewan become Canada's eighth and ninth provinces 11 Apr 1905—11 Apr 1905: Einstein publishes Special Theory of Relativity
117	1906	1906—1906: Introduction of free school meals for poor children 1906—1906: Amundsen traverses the North-West Passage 1906—1906: William Kellogg invents Cornflakes 1906—1906: Lewis Nixon invents the first sonar like device 1906—1906: Lee Deforest invents electronic amplifying tube (triode) 10 Feb 1906—10 Feb 1906: Launching of HMS Dreadnought, first turbine-driven battleship 15 Mar 1906—15 Mar 1906: Rolls-Royce Ltd registered 26 May 1906—26 May 1906: Vauxhall Bridge opened in London 20 Sep 1906—20 Sep 1906: Launching of Cunard's RMS Mauretania on the Tyne 6 1906—24 Jun 1906: Census of Northwest Provinces Census of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Quinquennial censuses instituted
118	1907	1907—1907: Lumiere develops a process for colour photography 1907—1907: First airship flies over London 1907—1907: New Zealand becomes a Dominion 1907—1907: Imperial College, London, is established 1907—1907: Leo Baekeland invents the first synthetic plastic called Bakelite 1907—1907: Color photography invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere 1907—1907: The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu Jul 1907—Jul 1907: Leo Hendrik Baekeland patents Bakelite, the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated 1 Aug 1907—1 Aug 1907: Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island 9 Nov 1907—9 Nov 1907: The Cullinan Diamond presented to Edward VII on his birthday 11 1907—16 Nov 1907: Oklahoma 46th State. The area that had been Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were united to become one state.
119	1908	1908—1908: Lord Baden-Powell starts the Boy Scout movement 1908—1908: Separate courts for juveniles established in Britain 1908—1908: Coal Mines Regulation Act in Britain limits men to an eight hour day 1908—1908: Border Ports established Ports of entry established for customs and immigration 1908—1908: The gyrocompass invented by Elmer A. Sperry 1908—1908: Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger 1908—1908: Model T first sold 1908—1908: J W Geiger and W Müller invent the geiger counter 1908—1908: Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates 1 Jul 1908—1 Jul 1908: SOS became effective as an international signal of distress 12 Aug 1908—12 Aug 1908: First 'Model T' Ford made
120	1909	1909—1909: First commercial manufacture of Bakelite - start of the plastic age 1909—1909: Peary reaches the north pole 1909—1909: Beveridge Report prompts creation of labour Exchanges 1909—1909: Instant coffee invented by G. Washington 1 Jan 1909—1 Jan 1909: Old Age Pensions Act came into force 16 Jan 1909—16 Jan 1909: Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole 7 Feb 1909—2 Jul 1909: 16th Amendment passed by Congress 4 Mar 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Howard Taft William Howard Taft U.S. Presidency 15 Mar 1909—15 Mar 1909: Selfridges department store opens in London 3 Apr 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Taft 25 Jul 1909—25 Jul 1909: Bleriot flies across the Channel (36 minutes, Calais to Dover)
121	1910	1910—1910: Halley's comet reappears 1910—1910: Tango becomes popular in North America and Europe 1910—1910: Madame Curie isolates radium 1910—1910: Dr Crippen caught by radio telegraphy; hanged 23 Nov at Pentonville 1910—1910: Constitutional crisis in Britain 1910—1910: Railway strike and coal strikes in Britain 1910—1910: Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture 1910—1910: Georges Claude displayed the first neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris 6 May 1910—6 May 1910: Edward VII dies - George V becomes King 5 Jun 1910—20 Jan 1936: George V House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck. Accession, Jan 20, abdication, Dec 10.
122	1911	1911—1911: Strikes by seamen, dock and transport workers (1911-1912) 1911—1911: Rutherford: theory of atomic structures 1911—1911: First British Official Secrets Act 1911—1911: British MPs receive a salary 1911—1911: Parliament Act in Britain reduces the power of the House of Lords 1911—1911: Charles Franklin Kettering invents the first automobile electrical ignition system 6 Jan 1911—1 Jun 1911: Census of Canada Census of 9 Provinces and 2 Territories counts 7,206,643 individuals 2 Apr 1911—2 Apr 1911: Census: Population - England and Wales: 36 Million; Scotland: 4.6 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 22 Jun 1911—22 Jun 1911: Coronation of George V 14 Dec 1911—14 Dec 1911: National Insurance introduced in Britain
123	1912	1912—1912: Britain nationalises the telephone system 1912—1912: Discovery of the 'Piltdown Man' - hoax, exposed in 1953 1912—1912: Irish Home Rule crisis grows in Britain 1912—1912: Motorized movie cameras invented, replaced hand-cranked cameras 1912—1912: The first tank patented by Australian inventor De La Mole 1912—1912: Clarence Crane created Life Savers candy in 1912 18 Jan 1912—18 Jan 1912: Captain Scott's last expedition - he and his team reach the south pole on Jan 18th; all die on the way back, their bodies found in November 14 Apr 1912—14 Apr 1912: The 'unsinkable' Titanic sinks on maiden voyage - loss of 1,513 lives 13 May 1912—13 May 1912: Royal Flying Corps (later the RAF) founded in Britain 1 Jun 1912—6 Jan 1912: New Mexico 47th State 5 1912—13 May 1912: 17th Amendment passed by Congress 2 1912—14 Feb 1912: Arizona 48th State 8 1912—2 Jan 1959: Alaska Territory Organized 6 1912—30 Jun 1912: Saskatchewan tornado The worst tornado in Canadian history claims 28 lives in Regina
124	1913	1913—1913: Geiger invents his counter to measure radioactivity 1913—1913: Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley of Sheffield 1913—1913: Trade Union Act in Britain establishes the right to use Union funds for political purposes 1913—1913: Suffragette demonstrations in London - Mrs Pankhurst imprisoned 1913—1913: Third Irish Home Rule Bill rejected by House of Lords - threat of civil war in Ireland - formation of Ulster Volunteers to oppose Home Rule 1913—1913: The crossword puzzle invented by Arthur Wynne 1913—1913: The Merck Chemical Company patented, what is now know as, ecstasy 1913—1913: Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra 1913—1913: Gideon Sundback invents the modern zipper 2 Mar 1913—3 Feb 1913: 16th Amendment ratified 4 Mar 1913—4 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1913—3 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson 4 Jun 1913—4 Jun 1913: Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby and dies 4 Aug 1913—8 Apr 1913: 17th Amendment ratified
125	1914	1914—1914: Chaplin and De Mille make their first films 1914—1914: Irish Home Rule Act provides for a separate Parliament in Ireland; the position of Ulster to be decided after the War 1914—1918: World War One Canadian forces fight in Europe during World War 1 1914—1914: Garrett A. Morgan invents the Morgan gas mask 6 Jan 1914—11 Nov 1918: World War I Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. The United States joined on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917. 28 Jun 1914—28 Jun 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo 4 Aug 1914—4 Aug 1914: Britain declares war on Germany, citing Belgian neutrality as reason 5 Aug 1914—5 Aug 1914: British cableship Telconia cut through all five of Germany's undersea telegraph links to the outside world 15 Aug 1914—15 Aug 1914: Panama Canal opened, the Canal cement boat 'Ancon' making the first official transit (plans for a grand opening were cancelled due to the start of WW1) Oct 1914—Oct 1914: Battle of Ypres - beginning of trench warfare on western front 27 Nov 1914—27 Nov 1914: First policewoman goes on duty in Britain 16 Dec 1914—16 Dec 1914: German battleships bombard Hartlepool and Scarborough 6 1914—19 Jun 1914: Alberta coal mine disaster The worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history claims 189 lives in Hillcrest 5 1914—30 May 1914: Empress of Ireland sinks 1,014 lives are lost when ship sinks in Gulf of St. Lawrence
126	1915	1915—1915: Junkers construct first fighter aeroplane 1915—1915: First automatic telephone exchange in Britain 1915—1915: A new constitution establishes a two-chamber parliament elected by universal suffrage 1915—1915: Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invented Pyrex in New York City 19 Jan 1915—19 Jan 1915: First Zeppelin air raid on England, over East Anglia - four killed Feb 1915—Feb 1915: Submarine blockade of Britain starts Apr 1915—Apr 1915: Second Battle of Ypres - poison gas used for first time 25 Apr 1915—25 Apr 1915: Gallipoli campaign starts (declared ANZAC Day in 1916) 7 May 1915—7 May 1915: RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off coast of Ireland - 1,198 died 16 May 1915—16 May 1915: First meeting of a British WI (Women's Institute) took place in Llanfairpwll (aka Llanfair PG), Anglesey
127	1916	1916—1916: Compulsory military service introduced in Britain 1916—1916: Women get vote in Manitoba Manitoba is the first province to give women the right to vote 1916—1916: Radios tuners invented, that received different stations 1916—1916: Stainless steel invented by Henry Brearly Feb 1916—Feb 1916: Battle of Verdun - appalling losses on both sides, stalemate continues 24 Apr 1916—24 Apr 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland - after the leaders are executed, public opinion backs independence 21 May 1916—21 May 1916: First use of Daylight Saving Time in UK 31 May 1916—31 May 1916: Battle of Jutland - only major naval battle between the British and German fleets 5 Jun 1916—5 Jun 1916: Sinking of HMS Hampshire and death of Kitchener 3 Aug 1916—3 Aug 1916: Sir Roger Casement hanged at Pentonville Prison for treason 15 Sep 1916—15 Sep 1916: First use of tanks in battle, but of limited effect (Battle of the Somme 1 July to 18 Nov: over 1 million casualties) 7 Dec 1916—7 Dec 1916: Lloyd-George becomes British Prime Minister of the coalition government 6 1916—29 Jun 1916: Ontario forest fire A forest fire in northern Ontario claims 233 lives
128	1917	1917—1917: Ministry of Labour is established in Britain 1917—1917: Battle of Cambrai - first use of massed tanks, but effect more psychological than actual 1917—1917: Income Tax introduced 1917—1917: Gideon Sundback patented the modern zipper (not the first zipper) Feb 1917—Feb 1917: February revolution in Russia; Tsar Nicholas abdicates 6 Apr 1917—11 Nov 1918: World War I World War I 16 Apr 1917—16 Apr 1917: Lenin returns to Russia after exile 17 Apr 1917—17 Apr 1917: USA declares war on Germany 26 May 1917—26 May 1917: George V changes surname from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor (Royal proclamation on 17 July) 12 Jun 1917—6 Dec 1917: The Halifax Explosion Canada's worst single disaster, claims 1600 lives, injures 9000 and leaves 6000 homeless in Halifax, Nova Scotia Jul 1917—Jul 1917: Battle of Passchendaele - little gained by either side (Jul-Nov) 4 Sep 1917—12 Apr 1917: WW1 - Vimy Ridge Canadian Corps take Vimy Ridge in France but 3,600 die and another 5,000 wounded 7 Nov 1917—7 Nov 1917: 'October' Revolution in Russia - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government; Lenin becomes Chief Commissar 6 Dec 1917—6 Dec 1917: Halifax (Nova Scotia) Explosion, one of the world's largest artificial non-nuclear explosions to date: a ship loaded with wartime explosives blew up after a collision, obliterating buildings and structures within two square kilometres of the explosion 9 Dec 1917—9 Dec 1917: British forces capture Jerusalem 12 1917—17 Dec 1917: 18th Amendment passed by Congress
129	1918	1918—1918: War of Independence in Ireland 1918—1918: Vote for women over 30, men over 21 (except peers, lunatics and felons) 1918—1918: The superheterodyne radio circuit invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1918—1918: Charles Jung invented fortune cookies 18 Jan 1918—18 Jan 1918: Bentley Motors founded 8 Mar 1918—8 Mar 1918: Start of world-wide 'flu pandemic Jul 1918—Jul 1918: Second Battle of the Marne: last major German offensive in WW1 (Jul-Aug) 1 Oct 1918—1 Oct 1918: Arab forces under Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus 11 Nov 1918—11 Nov 1918: Armistice signed Dec 1918—Dec 1918: First woman elected to House of Commons, Countess Markiewicz as a Sinn Fein member refused to take her seat
130	1919	1919—1919: Sir Ernest Rutherford publishes account of splitting the atom 1919—1919: Britain adopts a 48-hour working week 1919—1919: Soldier Settlement Act Land grants awarded to 25,000 veteran soldiers 1919—1919: The pop-up toaster invented by Charles Strite 1919—1919: Short-wave radio invented 1919—1919: The flip-flop circuit invented 1919—1919: The arc welder invented 6 Apr 1919—4 Jun 1919: 19th Amendment passed by Congress 15 Jun 1919—15 Jun 1919: Alcock and Brown complete first nonstop flight across the Atlantic 28 Jun 1919—28 Jun 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed 1 1919—16 Jan 1919: 18th Amendment ratified
131	1920	1920—1920: Thompson patents his machine gun (Tommy gun) 1920—1920: Marconi opens a radio broadcasting station in Britain 1920—1920: Regular cross-channel air service starts 1920—1920: After a referendum, northern Schleswig is returned to Denmark 1920—1920: The tommy gun patented by John T Thompson 1920—1920: The Band-Aid (pronounced 'ban-'dade) invented by Earle Dickson Feb 1920—Feb 1920: First roadside petrol filling station in UK - opened by the Automobile Association at Aldermaston on the Bath Road 8 1920—18 Aug 1920: 19th Amendment ratified
132	1921	1921—1921: First birth control clinic 1921—1921: Insulin discovery announced 1921—1921: Railway Act in Britain amalgamates companies - only four remained 1921—1921: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1921—1921: Artificial life begins -- the first robot built 1921—1921: John Larson invented the lie detector 6 Jan 1921—1 Jun 1921: Census of Canada counts 8,787,949 individuals 4 Mar 1921—2 Aug 1923: Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1921—2 Aug 1921: Warren Harding Warren Harding dies of an embolism in San Francisco. He had taken ill on 31 Jul 1921 19 Jun 1921—19 Jun 1921: Census: Population - England and Wales: 37.9 Million; Scotland: 4.9 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 6 Dec 1921—6 Dec 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in London, leading to the formation of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland 11 1921—21 Nov 1921: Canada's Coat of Arms proclaimed by George V
133	1922	1922—1922: Law of Property Act - the manorial system effectively ended 1922—1922: Insulin invented by Sir Frederick Grant Banting 1922—1922: The first 3-D movie (spectacles with one red and one green lens) is released 1 Jun 1922—1 Jun 1922: Royal Ulster Constabulary founded Oct 1922—Oct 1922: BBC established as a monopoly, and begins transmissions in November (2LO in London on 14 Nov; 5IT in Birmingham and 2ZY in Manchester on 15 Nov)
134	1923	1923—1923: First American broadcasts heard in Britain 1923—1923: Hubble shows there are galaxies beyond the Milky Way 1923—1923: Roads in Great Britain classified with A and B numbers 1923—1923: Garrett A. Morgan invents a traffic signal 1923—1923: The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin 1923—1923: John Harwood invented the self-winding watch 1923—1923: Clarence Birdseye invents frozen food 1 Jan 1923—1 Jan 1923: The majority of the railway companies in Great Britain grouped into four main companies, the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, LMSR - lasted until nationalisation in 1948 16 Feb 1923—16 Feb 1923: Howard Carter unsealed the burial chamber of Tutankhamun 8 Mar 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge, vice president under Warren Harding, sworn in as president the day after Harding dies 28 Apr 1923—28 Apr 1923: First Wembley cup final (West Ham 0, Bolton 2) - 'I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles ' popular song of the time became the West Ham anthem 2 Aug 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge U.S. Presidency 28 Sep 1923—28 Sep 1923: First publication of Radio Times
135	1924	1924—1924: The dynamic loudspeaker invented by Rice and Kellogg 1924—1924: Notebooks with spiral bindings invented 4 Jan 1924—4 Jan 1924: First Labour government in Britain, headed by Ramsay MacDonald 5 Feb 1924—5 Feb 1924: Hourly Greenwich Time Signals from the Royal Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast by the BBC 31 Mar 1924—31 Mar 1924: British Imperial Airways begins operations (formed by merger of four British airline companies - became BOAC in 1940)
136	1925	1925—1925: Britain returns to gold standard 1925—1925: The mechanical television a precursor to the modern television, invented by John Logie Baird 18 Jul 1925—18 Jul 1925: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
137	1926	1926—1926: Walt Disney arrives in Hollywood 1926—1926: Kodak produces 16mm movie film 1926—1926: Adoption of children is legalised in Britain 1926—1926: First public demonstration of television (TV) by John Logie Baird 1926—1926: Robert H. Goddard invents liquid-fueled rockets 21 Apr 1926—21 Apr 1926: Princess Elizabeth born 3 May 1926—3 May 1926: General Strike begins. Lasts until May 12 (mine workers for 6 months more) 31 Oct 1926—31 Oct 1926: Death of Harry Houdini
138	1927	1927—1927: Release of the first 'talkie' film (The Jazz Singer) 1927—1927: Eduard Haas III invents PEZ candy 1927—1927: JWA Morrison invents the first quartz crystal watch 1927—1927: Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a complete electronic TV system 1927—1927: Technicolor invented 1927—1927: Erik Rotheim patents an aerosol can 1927—1927: Warren Marrison developed the first quartz clock 1927—1927: Philip Drinker invents the iron lung 7 Jan 1927—7 Jan 1927: First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London 22 Jan 1927—22 Jan 1927: First football broadcast by BBC (Arsenal v Sheffield United at Highbury) 1 May 1927—1 May 1927: First cooked meals on a scheduled flight introduced by Imperial Airways from London to Paris 20 May 1927—20 May 1927: Lindbergh makes solo flight across the Atlantic, in 33? hours 31 May 1927—31 May 1927: Last Ford Model T rolls off assembly line 24 Jul 1927—24 Jul 1927: The Menin Gate war memorial unveiled at Ypres
139	1928	1928—1928: Women over 21 get vote in Britain - same qualification for both sexes 1928—1928: Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1928—1928: Bubble gum invented by Walter E. Diemer 1928—1928: Jacob Schick patented the electric shaver 26 Apr 1928—26 Apr 1928: Madame Tussauds opens in London 15 Sep 1928—15 Sep 1928: Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovers penicillin (results published 1929)
140	1929	1929—1929: BBC begins experimental TV transmissions 1929—1929: Minimum age for a marriage in Britain (which had been 14 for a boy and 12 for a girl) now 16 for both sexes, with parental consent (or a licence) needed for anyone under 21 1929—1929: Abolition of Poor Law system in Britain 1929—1939: The Great Depression Canada hit hardest by the depression 1929—1929: American, Paul Galvin invents the car radio 1929—1929: Yo-Yo re-invented as an American fad 4 Mar 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover 10 1929—18 Oct 1929: The 'Persons' Case Decision Women are declared 'persons' by the British Privy Council
141	1930	1930—1930: Youth Hostel Association (YHA) founded in Britain 1930—1930: First Nazis elected to the German Reichstag 1930—1930: Scotch tape patented by 3M engineer, Richard G. Drew 1930—1930: The frozen food process patented by Clarence Birdseye 1930—1930: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents neoprene 1930—1930: The "differential analyzer", or analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT in Boston 1930—1930: Frank Whittle and Dr Hans von Ohain both invent a jet engine 30 Jan 1930—30 Jan 1930: Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany 31 Jan 1930—31 Jan 1930: 3M begins marketing Scotch Tape 6 Mar 1930—6 Mar 1930: Clarence Birdseye first marketed frozen peas 5 Oct 1930—5 Oct 1930: R101 airship disaster - British abandons airship construction
142	1931	1931—1931: Collapse of the German banking system; 3,000 banks there close 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster: British Dominions become independent sovereign states 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster The British Dominions are formally recognized by British Parliament 1931—1931: Harold Edgerton invented stop-action photography 1931—1931: Germans Max Knott and Ernst Ruska co-invent the electron microscope 14 Apr 1931—14 Apr 1931: Highway Code first issued 26 Apr 1931—26 Apr 1931: Census: Population - England and Wales; 40 Million; Scotland: 4.8 Million; N Ireland: 1.24 Million (Unfortunately, the census was destroyed by fire in WW2) 21 Oct 1931—21 Oct 1931: National Government formed to deal with economic crisis - Britain comes off gold standard
143	1932	1932—1932: Sir Thomas Beecham established the London Philharmonic Orchestra 1932—1932: Cockroft and Walton accelerate particles to disintegrate an atomic nucleus 1932—1932: Moseley founds British Union of Fascists 1932—1932: Great Hunger March of unemployed to London 1932—1932: Polaroid photography invented by Edwin Herbert Land 1932—1932: The zoom lens and the light meter invented 1932—1932: Carl C. Magee invents the first parking meter 1932—1932: Karl Jansky invents the radio telescope 3 Feb 1932—2 Mar 1932: 20th Amendment passed by Congress 21 May 1932—21 May 1932: Amelia Earhart first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic by a female pilot 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: Iraq gains independence from Britain 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: 'The Times' introduces 'Times New Roman' typeface
144	1933	1933—1933: ICI scientists discover polythene 1933—1933: Only 6 pennies minted in Britain this year 1933—1933: Frequency modulation (FM radio) invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1933—1933: Stereo records invented 1933—1933: Richard M. Hollingshead builds a prototype drive-in movie theater in his driveway 4 Mar 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt U. 3 Apr 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin Roosevelt 12 May 1933—5 Dec 1933: 21st Amendment ratified 12 Nov 1933—12 Nov 1933: First known photos of the 'Loch Ness Monster' taken 2 1933—20 Feb 1933: 21st Amendment passed by Congress 1 1933—23 Jan 1933: 20th Amendment ratified
145	1934	1934—1934: Hitler becomes Fuehrer of Germany 1934—1934: Englishmen, Percy Shaw invents cat eyes or roads reflectors 1934—1934: Charles Darrow claims he invented the game Monopoly 1934—1934: Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting - first magnetic recording 18 Jul 1934—18 Jul 1934: King George V opens Mersey Tunnel 26 Sep 1934—26 Sep 1934: RMS Queen Mary launched 30 Nov 1934—30 Nov 1934: First time a steam locomotive travels at 100 mph ('Flying Scotsman')
146	1935	1935—1935: Land speed record of 301.13 mph by Malcolm Campbell 1935—1935: London adopts a 'Green Belt' scheme 1935—1935: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1935—1935: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents nylon ( polymer 6.6.) 1935—1935: The first canned beer made 1935—1935: Robert Watson-Watt patented radar 28 Feb 1935—28 Feb 1935: Nylon first produced by Gerard J. Berchet of Wallace Carothers' research group at DuPont (there is no evidence to the widely-supposed story that the name derives from New York-London) 12 Mar 1935—12 Mar 1935: Hore-Belisha introduces pedestrian crossings and speed limits for built-up areas in Britain 1 Jun 1935—1 Jun 1935: Voluntary driving tests introduced in UK 30 Jul 1935—30 Jul 1935: Penguin paperbacks launched
147	1936	1936—1936: Jet engine first tested 1936—1936: Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine 1936—1936: Samuel Colt patents the Colt revolver 20 Jan 1936—20 Jan 1936: George V dies 5 May 1936—5 May 1936: First flight of a Spitfire 24 Jul 1936—24 Jul 1936: 'Speaking clock' service starts in UK 2 Nov 1936—2 Nov 1936: British Broadcasting Corporation initiates the BBC Television Service, world's first public TV transmission 12 Nov 1936—6 Feb 1952: George VI House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of George V, Duke of York; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 30 Nov 1936—30 Nov 1936: Crystal Palace destroyed by fire 5 Dec 1936—5 Dec 1936: Edward VIII abdicates (announced Dec 10) - popular carol that Christmas: 'Hark the Herald Angels sing Mrs Simpson's got our King' 1 1936—11 Dec 1936: Edward VIII House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): Eldest son of George V
148	1937	1937—1937: Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp 1937—1937: '999' emergency telephone call facility starts in London 1937—1937: Chester F. Carlson invents the photocopier 1937—1937: The first jet engine is built 12 Apr 1937—12 Apr 1937: Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft 12 May 1937—12 May 1937: Coronation of King George VI 28 May 1937—28 May 1937: Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister - policy of appeasement towards Hitler 3 Jun 1937—3 Jun 1937: Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson 4 Dec 1937—4 Dec 1937: 'The Dandy' first published
149	1938	1938—1938: First practical ball-point pen produced by Hungarian journalist, Lajos Biro 1938—1938: HMS Rodney first ship to be equipped with radar 1938—1938: Principle of paid holidays established in Britain 1938—1938: The ballpoint pen invented by Ladislo Biro 1938—1938: Strobe lighting invented 1938—1938: Roy J. Plunkett invented tetrafluoroethylene polymers or Teflon 1938—1938: Nescafe or freeze-dried coffee invented 1938—1938: The first working turboprop engine 12 Mar 1938—12 Mar 1938: Germany invades and annexes Austria 3 Jul 1938—3 Jul 1938: 'Mallard' reaches 126 mph (203 km/h); still world record for a steam locomotive 27 Sep 1938—27 Sep 1938: Largest ocean liner ever built, Queen Elizabeth launched on Clydebank 29 Sep 1938—29 Sep 1938: Chamberlain visits Hitler in Munich - promises 'peace in our time' 30 Oct 1938—30 Oct 1938: Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of HG Wells 'The War of the Worlds', causing panic in the USA
150	1939	1939—1939: Coldest winter in Britain since 1894, though this could not be publicised at the time 1939—1939: Start of evacuation of women and children from London 1939—1939: Germany annexes Czechoslovakia 1939—1945: World War II huge involvement of Canadian supplies and troops 1939—1939: Igor Sikorsky invents the first successful helicopter 1939—1939: The electron microscope invented 9 Jan 1939—2 Sep 1945: World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan vs. Major Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia 12 Jul 1939—7 Dec 1939: Troops leave Canada First group of Canadian troops sail to Britain -- 7,400 on 5 ships 1 Sep 1939—1 Sep 1939: Germany invades Poland 3 Sep 1939—3 Sep 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany 6 Sep 1939—6 Sep 1939: First air-raid on Britain 11 Sep 1939—11 Sep 1939: British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France 9 Oct 1939—10 Sep 1939: Canada declares war on Germany 14 Oct 1939—14 Oct 1939: HMS Royal Oak sunk in Scapa Flow with loss of 810 lives 7 Dec 1939—7 Dec 1939: 'First flight' of Canadian troops sail for Britain - 7,400 men on 5 ships 17 Dec 1939—17 Dec 1939: 'Admiral Graf Spee' scuttled outside Montevideo
151	1940	1940—1940: Québec permits women to vote The last province to give women the right to vote 1940—1946: National Registration Compulsory registration of all persons 16 years of age or older 1940—1945: German occupation of Denmark 1940—1940: Dr William Reich invents the orgone accumulator 1940—1940: Peter Goldmark invents modern color television system 1940—1940: Karl Pabst invents the jeep 1 Apr 1940—1 Apr 1940: BOAC starts operations, replacing Imperial and British Airways Ltd 11 May 1940—11 May 1940: National Government formed under Churchill 13 May 1940—13 May 1940: Germany invades France 27 May 1940—27 May 1940: Start of the evacuation of the British Army at Dunkirk (27 May - 4 Jun) 25 Jun 1940—25 Jun 1940: Fall of France to Germany 7 Sep 1940—7 Sep 1940: Germany launches bombing blitz on Britain, the first of 57 consecutive nights of bombing 15 Sep 1940—15 Sep 1940: Battle of Britain: massive waves of German air attacks decisively repulsed by the RAF - Hitler postpones invasion of Britain 14 Nov 1940—14 Nov 1940: Coventry heavily bombed and the Cathedral almost completely destroyed
152	1941	1941—1941: First use of antibiotics 1941—1941: Bailey invents his portable military bridge 1941—1941: First British jet aircraft flies, based on work of Whittle 1941—1941: Britain introduces severe rationing 1941—1941: Konrad Zuse's Z3, the first computer controlled by software 1941—1941: Aerosol spray cans invented by American inventors, Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan 1941—1941: Enrico Fermi invents the neutronic reactor 12 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces defend south coast of England 10 May 1941—10 May 1941: Rudolf Hess flies to Scotland 27 May 1941—27 May 1941: 'Bismark' sunk 22 Jun 1941—22 Jun 1941: Germany invades Russia (Operation Barbarossa) 1 Jul 1941—1 Jul 1941: First Canadian armoured regiments arrive in Britain 12 Jul 1941—7 Dec 1941: Canada declares war on Japan Attack on Pearl Harbour causes Canada to declare war on Japan Dec 1941—Dec 1941: 'Manhattan Project' of nuclear research begins in America Dec 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces given operation role in defending south coast of England 7 Dec 1941—7 Dec 1941: Japan attackes US fleet at Pearl Harbour 7 Dec 1941—2 Sep 1945: World War II World War II 8 Dec 1941—8 Dec 1941: USA enters WWII 24 Dec 1941—24 Dec 1941: Hong Kong falls to the Japanese 6 1941—14 Jun 1941: Census of Canada Census date changed to prevent clash with Victory Bond campaign. Sampling is initiated
153	1942	1942—1942: Gilbert Murray founds Oxfam 1942—1942: Invention of world's first programmable computer by Alan Turing in co-operation with Max Neumann - used to crack German codes 1942—1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer 1942—1942: Max Mueller designs a turboprop engine 30 May 1942—30 May 1942: Over 1,000 allied bombers raid Cologne 4 Jun 1942—4 Jun 1942: Battle of Midway 19 Aug 1942—19 Aug 1942: Abortive raid on Dieppe, largely by Canadian troops 6 Sep 1942—6 Sep 1942: Germans defeated at Stalingrad 3 Oct 1942—3 Oct 1942: First successful launch of V2 rocket in Germany - first man-made object to reach space 23 Oct 1942—23 Oct 1942: Battle of El Alamein - Montgomery defeats Rommel 2 Dec 1942—2 Dec 1942: 'Manhattan Project' - a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
154	1943	1943—1943: Round-the-clock bombing of Germany begins 1943—1943: Synthetic rubber invented 1943—1943: Richard James invents the slinky 1943—1943: James Wright invent silly putty 1943—1943: Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD 1943—1943: Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau invent the aqualung 16 May 1943—16 May 1943: 'Dam Buster' raids on Ruhr dams by RAF 24 Jul 1943—24 Jul 1943: Allies invade Italy - Benito Mussolini resigns as Italian Dictator, 24 July
155	1944	1944—1944: The kidney dialysis machine invented by Willem Kolff 1944—1944: Synthetic cortisone invented by Percy Lavon Julian 6 Apr 1944—6 Apr 1944: PAYE income tax begins 4 Jun 1944—4 Jun 1944: Allies enter Rome 6 Jun 1944—6 Jun 1944: D-Day invasion of Normandy 12 Jun 1944—12 Jun 1944: First V1 flying bombs hit London 8 Sep 1944—8 Sep 1944: First V2 rocket bombs hit London 11 Sep 1944—11 Sep 1944: Allies enter Germany 16 Dec 1944—16 Dec 1944: Battle of the Bulge: German counter-offensive
156	1945	1945—1945: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1945—1945: Vannevar Bush proposes hypertext 1945—1945: The atomic bomb invented 4 Feb 1945—4 Feb 1945: Yalta Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin 29 Mar 1945—29 Mar 1945: Last V1 flying bomb attack 12 Apr 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman U.S. Presidency 25 Apr 1945—25 Apr 1945: Berlin surrounded by Russian troops 30 Apr 1945—30 Apr 1945: Hitler commits suicide 8 May 1945—8 May 1945: VE Day (Victory in Europe) 9 May 1945—9 May 1945: Channel Islands liberated 26 Jun 1945—26 Jun 1945: UN Charter signed in San Francisco 16 Jul 1945—16 Jul 1945: First ever atomic bomb exploded in a test in New Mexico (although there were other forms of atomic device before that, such as the Pile at Stagg Field, first critical on 2nd Dec 1942) 26 Jul 1945—26 Jul 1945: Labour win UK General Election - Churchill out of office 29 Jul 1945—29 Jul 1945: BBC Light Programme starts 6 Aug 1945—6 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 9 Aug 1945—9 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 15 Aug 1945—15 Aug 1945: VJ Day (Victory in Japan) 2 Sep 1945—2 Sep 1945: Japanese surrender signed aboard USS Missouri 24 Oct 1945—24 Oct 1945: United Nations Organisation comes into existence 4 Nov 1945—4 Nov 1945: UNESCO founded 4 Dec 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry Truman 6 1945—26 Jun 1945: Canada joins the United Nations
157	1946	1946—1946: Alistair Cooke starts his regular 'Letter from America' on BBC radio - until 2004 1946—1946: Transition to National Health Service starts in Britain (came into being 5th July 1948) 1946—1946: The microwave oven invented by Percy Spencer 1 Jan 1946—1 Jan 1946: First civillian flight from Heathrow Airport 7 Jan 1946—1 Jul 1946: Canadian Citizenship Act Parliament proclaims an act providing for the creation of Canadian citizens to take effect 1 January 1947 1 Mar 1946—1 Mar 1946: Bank of England nationalised
158	1947	1947—1947: First British nuclear reactor developed 1947—1947: Most severe winter in Britain for 53 years at start of the year - heavy snow and much flooding later 1947—1947: British/Hungarian scientist, Dennis Gabor, developed the theory of holography 1947—1947: Mobile phones first invented 1947—1947: Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invent the transistor 1947—1947: Earl Silas Tupper patented the Tupperware seal 1 Jan 1947—1 Jan 1947: Coal Mines nationalised 23 Feb 1947—23 Feb 1947: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) founded 1 Mar 1947—1 Mar 1947: International Monetary Fund begins financial operations 1 Apr 1947—1 Apr 1947: School leaving age raised to 15 in Britain 26 Oct 1947—26 Oct 1947: British military occupation ends in Iraq 20 Nov 1947—20 Nov 1947: Marriage of Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten in Westminster Abbey 3 1947—21 Mar 1947: 22nd Amendment passed by Congress
159	1948	1948—1948: Transistor radio invented 1948—1948: Long-playing record (LP) invented by Goldmark 1948—1948: British Citizenship Act : all Commonwealth citizens qualify for British passports 1948—1948: The Frisbee® invented by Walter Frederick Morrison and Warren Franscioni 1948—1948: Velcro ® invented by George de Mestral 1948—1948: Robert Hope-Jones invented the Wurlitzer jukebox 1 Jan 1948—1 Jan 1948: British Railways nationalised 5 Jul 1948—5 Jul 1948: National Health Service (NHS) begins in Britain 29 Jul 1948—29 Jul 1948: London Olympics begin
160	1949	1949—1949: De Haviland produces the Comet - first jet airliner 1949—1949: Maiden flight of the Bristol Brabazon (broken up in 1953 for scrap) 1949—1949: Cake mix invented 15 Mar 1949—15 Mar 1949: Clothes rationing ends in Britain 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Twelve nations sign The North Atlantic Treaty creating NATO 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Canada joins NATO 3 1949—31 Mar 1949: Newfoundland joins Canada Newfoundland becomes Canada's tenth province
161	1950	1950—1950: The first credit card (Diners) invented by Ralph Schneider 4 1950—30 Jun 1950: Winnipeg flood More than 100,000 people forced from their homes in Winnipeg, Manitoba, by the Red River flooding 19 May 1950—19 May 1950: Points rationing ends in Britain 26 May 1950—26 May 1950: Petrol rationing ends in Britain 25 Jun 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War Korean War 11 Jul 1950—11 Jul 1950: 'Andy Pandy' first seen on BBC TV 9 Sep 1950—9 Sep 1950: Soap rationing ends in Britain 28 Dec 1950—28 Dec 1950: The Peak District becomes the Britain's first National Park 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War As part of the United Nations, Canadian troops participate in the Korean War 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War United States (as part of the United Nations) and South Korea vs. North Korea and Communist China
162	1951	1951—1951: Super glue invented 1951—1951: Power steering invented by Francis W. Davis 1951—1951: Charles Ginsburg invented the first videotape recorder (VTR) 3 May 1951—3 May 1951: Festival of Britain and Royal Festival Hall open on South Bank, London 28 May 1951—28 May 1951: First Goon Show broadcast 20 Dec 1951—20 Dec 1951: Electricity first produced by nuclear power, from Experimental Breeder Reactor 2 1951—27 Feb 1951: 22nd Amendment ratified
163	1952	1952—1952: Bonn Convention: Britain, France and USA end their occupation of West Germany 1952—1952: Radioactive carbon used for dating prehistoric objects 1952—1952: Contraceptive pill invented 1952—1952: Britain explodes her first atomic bomb, in Australia 1952—1952: Mr. Potato Head patented 1952—1952: The first patent for bar code (US Patent #2,612,994) issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver 1952—1952: The first diet soft drink sold 1952—1952: Edward Teller and team build the hydrogen bomb 6 Feb 1952—6 Feb 1952: King George VI dies 21 Feb 1952—21 Feb 1952: Identity Cards abolished in Britain 2 May 1952—2 May 1952: First commercial jet airliner service launched, by BOACComet between London and Johannesburg 2 Jun 1952—2004: Elizabeth II House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917):Elder daughter of George VI, acceded Feb 6, 1952 5 Jul 1952—5 Jul 1952: Last tram runs in London (Woolwich to New Cross) 16 Aug 1952—16 Aug 1952: Lynmouth (North Devon) flood disaster 6 Sep 1952—6 Sep 1952: DH110 crashes at Farnborough Air Show, 26 killed 3 Oct 1952—3 Oct 1952: End of tea rationing in Britain 1 Nov 1952—1 Nov 1952: The first H-bomb ever ('Mike') was exploded by the USA - the mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high. The canopy was 100 miles wide. Radioactive mud fell out of the sky followed by heavy rain. 80 million tons of earth was vaporised. 25 Nov 1952—25 Nov 1952: Agatha Christie's 'The Mousetrap' opens in London 4 Dec 1952—4 Dec 1952: Great smog hits London
164	1953	1953—1953: Radial tires invented 1953—1953: The first musical synthesizer invented by RCA 1953—1953: David Warren invented the black box - flight recorder 1953—1953: Transistor radio invented by Texas Instruments 20 Jan 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. 31 Jan 1953—31 Jan 1953: Said to be the biggest civil catastrophe in Britain in the 20th century - severe storm and high tides caused the loss of hundreds of lives - - effects travelled from the west coast of Scotland round to the south-east coast of England [The Netherlands wer 5 Feb 1953—5 Feb 1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain 5 Mar 1953—5 Mar 1953: Death of Stalin 26 Mar 1953—26 Mar 1953: Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine 24 Apr 1953—24 Apr 1953: Winston Churchill knighted 25 Apr 1953—25 Apr 1953: Francis Crick and James D Watson publish the double helix structure of DNA 2 Jun 1953—2 Jun 1953: Coronation of Elizabeth II 26 Sep 1953—26 Sep 1953: Sugar rationing ends in Britain (after nearly 14 years) 1 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight Eisenhower
165	1954	1954—1954: First transistor radios sold 1954—1954: Routemaster bus starts operating in London 1954—1954: First comprehensive school opens in London 1954—1954: Oral contraceptives invented 1954—1954: The first nonstick pan produced 1954—1954: The solar cell invented by Chaplin, Fuller and Pearson 1954—1954: Ray Kroc started McDonalds 6 May 1954—6 May 1954: First sub 4 minute mile (Roger Bannister, 3 mins 59.4 secs) 3 Jul 1954—3 Jul 1954: Food rationing officially ends in Britain 5 Jul 1954—5 Jul 1954: BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin 30 Sep 1954—30 Sep 1954: First atomic powered sumbmarine USS Nautilus commissioned 10 1954—15 Oct 1954: Hurricane Hazel Southwestern Ontario, Toronto and area, hit by Hurricane Hazel -- 81 died, 4,000 homeless
166	1955	1955—1955: 'Mole' self-grip wrench patented by Thomas Coughtrie of Mole & Sons 1955—1955: Tetracycline invented 1955—1955: Optic fiber invented 27 Jul 1955—27 Jul 1955: Jul 27: Allied occupation of Austria (after WW2) ends 22 Sep 1955—22 Sep 1955: Commercial TV starts in Britain
167	1956	1956—1956: Britain constructs world's first large-scale nuclear power station in Cumberland 1956—1956: The first computer hard disk used 1956—1956: The hovercraft invented by Christopher Cockerell 1956—1956: Bette Nesmith Graham invented "Mistake Out," later renamed Liquid Paper, to paint over mistakes made with a typewriter 6 Jan 1956—1 Jun 1956: First nation-wide 5-year census Population-count censuses initiated 11 Jan 1956—1 Nov 1956: Springhill Mine explosion 39 miners killed from explosion in mine at Springhill, Nova Scotia 1 Mar 1956—1 Mar 1956: Radiotelephony spelling alphabet introduced (Alpha, Bravo, etc) 17 Apr 1956—17 Apr 1956: Premium Bonds first launched - first prizes drawn on 1 Jun 1957 3 Jun 1956—3 Jun 1956: 3rd class travel abolished on British Railways (renamed 'Third Class' as 'Second Class', which had been abolished in 1875 leaving just First and Third Class) 31 Oct 1956—31 Oct 1956: Britain and France invade Suez
168	1957	1957—1957: Helvetica typeface developed (in Switzerland) 1957—1957: Britain introduces parking meters 1957—1957: Fortran (computer language) invented 11 Jan 1957—11 Jan 1957: Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister 14 May 1957—14 May 1957: Post-Suez petrol rationing ends 15 May 1957—15 May 1957: Britain explodes her first hydrogen bomb, at Christmas Island 25 May 1957—25 May 1957: Treaty of Rome to create European Economic Community (EEC) of six countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg - became operational Jan 1958 4 Dec 1957—4 Dec 1957: Lewisham rail disaster - 90 killed as two trains collide in thick fog and a viaduct collapses on top of them 25 Dec 1957—25 Dec 1957: Queen's first Christmas TV broadcast
169	1958	1958—1958: USA begins to produce Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) 1958—1958: Computers begin to be used in research, industry and commerce 1958—1958: Easter: First anti-nuclear protest march to Aldermaston (emergence of CND) 1958—1958: The modem invented 1958—1958: Gordon Gould invents the laser 1958—1958: The Hula Hoop invented by Richard Knerr and Arthur "Spud" Melin 1958—1958: The integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce 13 May 1958—13 May 1958: Velcro trade mark registered 26 Jul 1958—26 Jul 1958: Prince Charles' Investiture as 'Prince of Wales' 5 Dec 1958—5 Dec 1958: Preston by-pass opens - UK's first stretch of motorway 5 Dec 1958—5 Dec 1958: Inauguration of Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) in Britain (completed in 1979) 10 1958—23 Oct 1958: Springhill Mine disaster 74 miners killed from third major explosion in mine at Springhill, Nova Scotia
170	1959	1959—1959: The internal pacemaker invented by Wilson Greatbatch 1959—1959: Barbie Doll invented 1959—1959: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce both invent the microchip 3 Feb 1959—3 Feb 1959: 'The Day The Music Died' - plane crash kills Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper 17 Feb 1959—17 Feb 1959: Vanguard 2 satellite launched - first to measure cloud-cover distribution 1 Mar 1959—3 Jan 1959: Alaska 49th State 24 May 1959—24 May 1959: Empire Day becomes Commonwealth Day Aug 1959—Aug 1959: BMC Mini car launched 26 Sep 1959—30 Apr 1975: Vietnam War Vietnam War 3 Oct 1959—3 Oct 1959: Postcodes introduced in Britain 1 Nov 1959—1 Nov 1959: First section of M1 motorway opened 8 1959—21 Aug 1959: Hawaii 50th State 6 1959—26 Jun 1959: St. Lawrence seaway opens Ocean vessels can now sail as far inland as Lakes Michigan and Superior
171	1960	1960—1975: Vietnam War United States and South Vietnam vs North Vietnam 1960—1960: Canada's Bill of Rights Bans discrimination by federal agencies on grounds of race, national origin, colour, religion or sex -- permits Indians to vote 1960—1960: The halogen lamp invented 17 Mar 1960—17 Mar 1960: New ?1 notes issued by Bank of England 18 Mar 1960—18 Mar 1960: Last steam locomotive of British Railways named 21 Jul 1960—21 Jul 1960: Francis Chichester arrives in New York aboard Gypsy Moth II (took 40 days), winning the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race which he co-founded 12 Aug 1960—12 Aug 1960: Echo I, the first (passive) communications satellite, launched 12 Sep 1960—12 Sep 1960: MoT tests on motor vehicles introduced 1 Oct 1960—1 Oct 1960: HMS 'Dreadnought' nuclear submarine launched 2 Nov 1960—2 Nov 1960: Penguin Books found not guilty of obscenity in the 'Lady Chatterley's Lover' case 6 1960—16 Jun 1960: 23rd Amendment passed by Congress
172	1961	1961—1961: Valium invented 1961—1961: The nondairy creamer invented 1 Jan 1961—1 Jan 1961: Farthing ceases to be legal tender in UK 20 Jan 1961—20 Nov 1963: John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy U.S. Presidency 13 Mar 1961—13 Mar 1961: Black & White ?5 notes cease to be legal tender 14 Mar 1961—14 Mar 1961: New English Bible (New Testament) published 1 May 1961—1 May 1961: Betting shops legal in Britain 4 1961—19 Apr 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion United States vs Cuba 1 1961—22 Nov 1963: John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas 3 1961—29 Mar 1961: 23rd Amendment ratified
173	1962	1962—1962: Britain and France agree to construct 'Concorde' 1962—1962: Thalidomide withdrawn after it causes deformities in babies 1962—1962: Britain passes Commonwealth Immigrants Act to control immigration 1962—1962: The audio cassette invented 1962—1962: The fiber-tip pen invented by Yukio Horie 1962—1962: Spacewar, the first computer video game invented 1962—1962: Dow Corp invents silicone breast implants 7 Jan 1962—1 Jul 1962: Medicare introduced in Saskatchewan Saskatchewan sets medicare prototype for all provinces 9 Mar 1962—3 Sep 1962: Trans-Canada Highway officially opens 25 May 1962—25 May 1962: Consecration of new Coventry Cathedral (old destroyed in WW2 blitz) 15 Jun 1962—15 Jun 1962: First nuclear generated electricity to supplied National Grid (from Berkeley Glos) Jul 1962—Jul 1962: First passenger-carrying hovercraft enters service, along the North Wales Coast from Moreton to Rhyl 10 Jul 1962—10 Jul 1962: First TV transmission between US and Europe (Telstar) - first live broadcast on 23 Jul 24 Oct 1962—24 Oct 1962: Cuba missile crisis - brink of nuclear war 8 1962—27 Aug 1962: 24th Amendment passed by Congress
174	1963	1963—1963: France vetoes Britain's entry into EEC 1963—1963: The first videodisc invented Jan 1963—Jan 1963: Cold weather forces cancellation of most football matches (only 4 English First Division matches in the month) - the first 'pools panel' created 27 Mar 1963—27 Mar 1963: Beeching Report on British Railways (the 'Beeching Axe') 1 Aug 1963—1 Aug 1963: Minimum prison age raised to 17 8 Aug 1963—8 Aug 1963: 'Great Train Robbery' on Glasgow to London mail train 17 Sep 1963—17 Sep 1963: Fylingdales (Yorks) early warning system operational 18 Nov 1963—18 Nov 1963: Dartford Tunnel opens 20 Nov 1963—20 Jan 1969: Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. Presidency 23 Nov 1963—23 Nov 1963: First episode of 'Dr Who' on BBC TV 11 1963—20 Jan 1969: Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson, vice president under John F. Kennedy, sworn in as president aboard Air Force One upon death of Kennedy.
175	1964	1964—1964: Acrylic paint invented 1964—1964: Permanent-press fabric invented 1964—1964: BASIC (an early computer language) is invented by John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz 4 1964—Apr 1964: Social Insurance cards first issued Social Insurance cards issued to all Canadian adults -- privacy concerns limit their use for genealogy puposes 1 Jan 1964—1 Jan 1964: First 'Top of the Pops' on BBC TV 9 Apr 1964—9 Apr 1964: First Greater London Council (GLC) election 21 Apr 1964—21 Apr 1964: BBC2 TV launched 22 Aug 1964—22 Aug 1964: 'Match of the Day' starts on BBC2 4 Sep 1964—4 Sep 1964: Forth road bridge opens 3 1964—1993: Canadian troops in Cyprus Canadian troops serve in Cyprus as part of the UN peace-keeping force 1 1964—23 Jan 1964: 24th Amendment ratified
176	1965	1965—1965: Britain enacts first Race Relations Act 1965—1965: Astroturf invented 1965—1965: Soft contact lenses invented 1965—1965: NutraSweet invented 1965—1965: The compact disk invented by James Russell 1965—1965: Kevlar invented by Stephanie Louise Kwolek 7 Feb 1965—7 Feb 1965: First US raids against North Vietnam 7 Apr 1965—7 Apr 1965: Winston Churchill dies 7 Jun 1965—6 Jul 1965: 25th Amendment passed by Congress 1 Aug 1965—1 Aug 1965: TV cigarette advertising banned in Britain 8 Oct 1965—8 Oct 1965: Post Office Tower operational in London 28 Oct 1965—28 Oct 1965: Death penalty for murder suspended in Britain for five-year trial period, then abolished 18 Dec 1969 22 Dec 1965—22 Dec 1965: 70mph speed limit introduced on British roads 2 1965—15 Feb 1965: Canadian Flag changed Maple Leaf flag is adopted by Parliament as the official flag of Canada. It replaces the "Canadian" (modified) Red Ensign
177	1966	1966—1966: Electronic Fuel injection for cars invented 14 Feb 1966—14 Feb 1966: Australia converts from ? to $ 3 May 1966—3 May 1966: 'The Times' begins to print news on its front page in place of classified Advertisements 30 Jul 1966—30 Jul 1966: World Cup won by England at Wembley (4-2 in extra time v West Germany) 8 Sep 1966—8 Sep 1966: First Severn road bridge opens 21 Oct 1966—21 Oct 1966: Aberfan disaster - slag heap slip kills 144, incl. 116 children 1 Dec 1966—1 Dec 1966: First Christmas stamps issued in Britain
178	1967	1967—1967: The first handheld calculator invented 4 Jan 1967—4 Jan 1967: Donald Campbell dies attempting to break his world water speed record on Conniston Water - his body and Bluebird recovered in 2002 18 Mar 1967—18 Mar 1967: 'Torrey Canyon' oil tanker runs aground off Lands End first major oil spill 28 May 1967—28 May 1967: Francis Chichester arrives in Plymouth after solo circumnavigation in Gipsy Moth IV (he was knighted 7th July at Greenwich by the queen using the sword with which Elizabeth I had knighted Sir Francis Drake four centuries earlier 27 Jun 1967—27 Jun 1967: First withdrawal from a cash dispenser (ATM) in Britain - at Enfield branch of Barclays 1 Jul 1967—1 Jul 1967: First colour TV in Britain 14 Aug 1967—14 Aug 1967: Offshore pirate radio stations declared illegal by the UK 20 Sep 1967—20 Sep 1967: 'QE2' launched on Clydebank 27 Sep 1967—27 Sep 1967: 'Queen Mary' arrives Southampton at end of her last transatlantic voyage 30 Sep 1967—30 Sep 1967: BBC Radios 1 2 3 & 4 open first record played on Radio 1 was the controversial 'Flowers in the Rain' by 'The Move' 2 Oct 1967—10 Feb 1967: 25th Amendment ratified 5 Oct 1967—5 Oct 1967: Introduction of majority verdicts in English courts 4 1967—25 Apr 1967: Canadian Armed Forces established The Canadian Army, Navy and Air Force unite into one combined military force -- a world first
179	1968	1968—1968: The computer mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart 1968—1968: The first computer with integrated circuits made 1968—1968: Robert Dennard invented RAM (random access memory) 18 Feb 1968—18 Feb 1968: British Standard Time introduced - Summer Time became permanent but arguments prevailed and Britain reverted to GMT in October 1971 18 Apr 1968—18 Apr 1968: London Bridge sold (and eventually moved to Arizona) - modern London Bridge, built around it as it was demolished, was opened in Mar 1973 20 Apr 1968—20 Apr 1968: Enoch Powell 'Rivers of Blood' speech on immigration 23 Apr 1968—23 Apr 1968: Issue of 5p and 10p decimal coins in Britain 29 May 1968—29 May 1968: Manchester United first English club to win the European Cup 11 Aug 1968—11 Aug 1968: Last steam passenger train service ran in Britain (Carlisle- Liverpool) 16 Sep 1968—16 Sep 1968: Two-tier postal rate starts in Britain 5 Oct 1968—5 Oct 1968: Beginning of disturbances in N Ireland
180	1969	1969—1969: The arpanet (first internet) invented 1969—1969: The artificial heart invented 1969—1969: The ATM invented 1969—1969: The bar-code scanner is invented 20 Jan 1969—9 Aug 1974: Richard Nixon Richard Nixon U.S. Presidency 2 Mar 1969—2 Mar 1969: Maiden flight of 'Concorde', at Toulouse 7 Mar 1969—7 Mar 1969: Victoria Line tube opens in London 17 Apr 1969—17 Apr 1969: Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 2 May 1969—2 May 1969: Maiden voyage of liner Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) 31 Jul 1969—31 Jul 1969: Halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in Britain 14 Aug 1969—14 Aug 1969: Civil disturbances in Ulster - Britain sends troops to support civil authorities 7 Sep 1969—7 Sep 1969: First episode of 'Monty Python's Flying Circus' recorded 14 Oct 1969—14 Oct 1969: 50p coin introduced in Britain (reduced in size 1998) 1 1969—9 Aug 1974: Richard Nixon Richard M Nixon first president to resign from office. His decision was announced 8 Aug 1974
181	1970	1970—1970: Boeing 747 (Jumbo jet) goes into service 1970—1970: The daisy-wheel printer invented 1970—1970: The floppy disk invented by Alan Shugart 17 Jun 1970—17 Jun 1970: Decimal postage stamps first issued for sale in Britain 19 Jun 1970—19 Jun 1970: Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister 30 Jul 1970—30 Jul 1970: Damages awarded to Thalidomide victims 19 Sep 1970—19 Sep 1970: First Glastonbury Festival held 20 Nov 1970—20 Nov 1970: Ten shilling note (50p after decimalisation) goes out of circulation in Britain 10 1970—16 Oct 1970: War Measures Act Proclaimed in Quebec Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act to counteract FLQ terrorism
182	1971	1971—1971: Rolls-Royce declared bankrupt 1971—1971: 'Greenpeace' founded 1971—1971: Sunday becomes the seventh day in the week as UK adopts decision of the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) to call Monday the first day 1971—1971: Banking and Financial Dealings Act - replaced the Bank Holidays Act of 1871 1971—1971: Census of Canada 1971 census is the first completed by the householder 1971—1971: Multiculturalism/Bilingualism Policy adopted Canada gives equal status to both english and french languages 1971—1971: The dot-matrix printer invented 1971—1971: The food processor invented 1971—1971: The liquid-crystal display (LCD) invented by James Fergason 1971—1971: The microprocessor invented by Faggin, Hoff and Mazor 1971—1971: VCR or videocassette recorder invented 3 Jan 1971—3 Jan 1971: Open University starts 7 Jan 1971—1 Jul 1971: 26th Amendment ratified 15 Feb 1971—15 Feb 1971: Decimalisation of coinage in UK and Republic of Ireland 9 Aug 1971—9 Aug 1971: Internment without trial introduced in N Ireland 28 Oct 1971—28 Oct 1971: UK launches its first (and only) satellite, Prospero 28 Oct 1971—28 Oct 1971: Parliament votes to join Common Market (joined 1973) 3 1971—23 Mar 1971: 26th Amendment passed by Congress
183	1972	1972—1972: Dutch Elm disease devastates trees across UK 1972—1972: Domestic video cassette recorders introduced 1972—1972: Strict anti-hijack measures introduced internationally, especially at airports 1972—1972: Britain imposes direct rule in Northern Ireland 1972—1972: The word processor invented 1972—1972: Pong (first video game) invented by Nolan Bushnell 1972—1972: Hacky Sack® invented by John Stalberger and Mike Marshall 30 Jan 1972—30 Jan 1972: 'Bloody Sunday' in Derry, Northern Ireland 28 May 1972—28 May 1972: Duke of Windsor (ex-King Edward VIII) dies in Paris
184	1973	1973—1973: Gene splicing invented 1973—1973: The ethernet (local computer network) invented by Robert Metcalfe and Xerox 1973—1973: Bic invents the disposable lighter 1 Jan 1973—1 Jan 1973: Britain enters EEC Common Market (with Ireland and Denmark) 17 Mar 1973—17 Mar 1973: Modern London Bridge opened by the Queen 1 Apr 1973—1 Apr 1973: VAT introduced in Britain 26 Sep 1973—26 Sep 1973: Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time 14 Oct 1973—14 Oct 1973: Marriage of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey 31 Dec 1973—31 Dec 1973: Miners strike and oil crisis precipitate 'three-day week' (till 9 Mar 1974) to conserve power
185	1974	1974—1974: New counties formed in Britain after re-organisation of some county boundaries 1974—1974: Quebec makes french the official language French language priority causes hundreds of businesses and non-french-speaking families to move out of Quebec 1974—1974: The post-it note invented by Arthur Fry 1974—1974: Giorgio Fischer, a gynecologist from Rome, Italy, invents liposuction 1 Jun 1974—1 Jun 1974: Flixborough disaster: explosion at chemical plant kills 28 people 9 Aug 1974—20 Jan 1977: Gerald Ford Gerald Ford U.S. Presidency 8 Sep 1974—20 Jan 1977: Gerald Ford 7 Nov 1974—7 Nov 1974: Lord Lucan disappears 21 Nov 1974—21 Nov 1974: Birmingham pub bombings by the IRA
186	1975	1975—1975: Unemployment in Britain rises above 1M for first time since before WW2 1975—1975: The laser printer invented 1975—1975: The push-through tab on a drink can invented 11 Feb 1975—11 Feb 1975: Margaret Thatcher becomes leader of Conservative party (in opposition) 28 Feb 1975—28 Feb 1975: Moorgate tube crash in London - over 43 deaths, greatest loss of life on the Underground in peacetime. The cause of the incident was never conclusively determined 4 Mar 1975—4 Mar 1975: Charlie Chaplin knighted 5 Jun 1975—5 Jun 1975: UK votes in a referendum to stay in the European Community 29 Oct 1975—29 Oct 1975: 'Yorkshire Ripper' commits his first murder 3 Nov 1975—3 Nov 1975: First North Sea oil comes ashore 29 Nov 1975—29 Nov 1975: The name 'Micro-soft' coined by Bill Gates (Microsoft' became a Trademark the following year) 27 Dec 1975—27 Dec 1975: Equal Pay Act and Sex Discrimination Act come into force
187	1976	1976—1976: National Theatre opens in London 1976—1976: James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister 1976—1976: Deaths exceeded live births in E&W for first time since records began in 1837 1976—1976: 'Cod War' between Britain and Iceland 1976—1976: The ink-jet printer invented 21 Jan 1976—21 Jan 1976: Concorde enters supersonic passenger service 1 Apr 1976—1 Apr 1976: Apple Computer formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 6 Aug 1976—6 Aug 1976: Drought Act 1976 comes into force ? the long, hot summer 7 1976—14 Jul 1976: Canada abolishes death penalty
188	1977	1977—1977: Magnetic resonance imaging invented by Raymond V. Damadian 20 Jan 1977—20 Jan 1981: Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter U.S. Presidency 2 Mar 1977—2 Mar 1977: 'Red Rum' wins a third Grand National 25 May 1977—25 May 1977: George Lucas' film Star Wars' released 5 Jun 1977—5 Jun 1977: Apple II, the first practical personal computer, goes on sale 7 Jun 1977—7 Jun 1977: Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations in London 22 Nov 1977—22 Nov 1977: Regular supersonic Concorde service between London and NY inaugurated 1 1977—20 Jan 1981: Jimmy Carter
189	1978	1978—1978: Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston invented the VisiCalc spreadsheet 1978—1978: The artificial heart Jarvik-7 invented by Robert K. Jarvik 8 Apr 1978—8 Apr 1978: Regular broadcast of proceedings in Parliament starts 1 May 1978—1 May 1978: First May Day holiday in Britain 25 Jul 1978—25 Jul 1978: World's first 'test tube' baby, Louise Browne born in Oldham 30 Nov 1978—30 Nov 1978: Publication of The Times suspended - industrial relations problems (until 13 Nov 1979)
190	1979	1979—1979: Cellular phones invented 1979—1979: Cray supercomputer invented by Seymour Cray 1979—1979: Walkman invented 1979—1979: Scott Olson invents roller blades 1 Mar 1979—1 Mar 1979: 32.5% of Scots vote in favor of devolution (40% needed) - Welsh vote overwhelmingly against 30 Mar 1979—30 Mar 1979: Airey Neave killed by a car bomb at Westminster 31 Mar 1979—31 Mar 1979: Withdrawal of the Royal Navy from Malta 4 May 1979—4 May 1979: Margaret Thatcher becomes first woman UK Prime Minister 1 Jul 1979—1 Jul 1979: Sony introduces the Walkman 27 Aug 1979—27 Aug 1979: Lord Mountbatten and 3 others killed in bomb blast off coast of Sligo, Ireland 18 Sep 1979—18 Sep 1979: ILEA votes to abolish corporal punishment in its schools
191	1980	1980—1980: The hepatitis-B vaccine invented 5 May 1980—5 May 1980: SAS storm Iranian Embassy in London to free hostages 8 Dec 1980—8 Dec 1980: John Lennon assassinated in New York
192	1981	1981—1981: MS-DOS invented 1981—1981: The first IBM-PC invented 1981—1981: The scanning tunneling microscope invented by Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer 20 Jan 1981—20 Jan 1989: Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan U.S. Presidency 25 Jan 1981—25 Jan 1981: Launch of SDP by 'Gang of Four' in Britain 29 Mar 1981—29 Mar 1981: First London marathon run 11 Apr 1981—11 Apr 1981: Brixton riots in South London - 30 other British cities also experience riots 25 Apr 1981—25 Apr 1981: Worst April blizzards this century in Britain 27 Apr 1981—27 Apr 1981: First use of computer mouse (by Xerox PARC system) 29 Jul 1981—29 Jul 1981: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (divorced 28 Aug 1996) 12 Aug 1981—12 Aug 1981: IBM launches its PC ? starts the general use of personal computers 12 Aug 1981—12 Aug 1981: First IBM PC IBM launches the first PC 1 1981—20 Jan 1989: Ronald Reagan
193	1982	1982—1982: Human growth hormone genetically engineered 26 Jan 1982—26 Jan 1982: Unemployment reached 3 million in Britain (1 in 8 of working population) 5 Feb 1982—5 Feb 1982: Laker Airways collapses 19 Feb 1982—19 Feb 1982: DeLorean Car factory in Belfast goes into receivership 18 Mar 1982—18 Mar 1982: Argentinians raised flag in South Georgia 2 Apr 1982—2 Apr 1982: Argentina invades Falkland (Malvinas) Islands 5 Apr 1982—5 Apr 1982: Royal Navy fleet sails from Portsmouth for Falklands 2 May 1982—2 May 1982: British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror sinks Argentine cruiser General Belgrano 28 May 1982—28 May 1982: First land battle in Falklands (Goose Green) 14 Jun 1982—14 Jun 1982: Ceasefire in Falklands 21 Jun 1982—21 Jun 1982: Prince William is born 20 Jul 1982—20 Jul 1982: IRA bombings in London (Hyde Park and Regents Park) 19 Sep 1982—19 Sep 1982: Smiley emoticon :-) said to have been used for the first time 11 Oct 1982—11 Oct 1982: Mary Rose' raised in the Solent (sank in 1545) 31 Oct 1982—31 Oct 1982: Thames Barrier raised for first time (some say first public demonstration Nov 7) 2 Nov 1982—2 Nov 1982: Channel 4 TV station launched - first programme 'Countdown' 4 Nov 1982—4 Nov 1982: Lorries up to 38 tonnes allowed on Britain's roads 12 Dec 1982—12 Dec 1982: Women's peace protest at Greenham Common (Cruise missiles arrived 14 Nov 1983) 4 1982—17 Apr 1982: Canadian Constitution Act replaces British North America Act of 1867 Royal assent given to 'patriate the Constitution' and to create the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
194	1983	1983—1983: First female Lord Mayor of London elected (Dame Mary Donaldson) 1983—1983: The Apple Lisa invented 1983—1983: Soft bifocal contact lens invented 1983—1983: First Cabbage Patch Kids sold 1983—1983: Programmer Jaron Lanier first coins the term "virtual reality" 17 Jan 1983—17 Jan 1983: Start of breakfast TV in Britain 31 Jan 1983—31 Jan 1983: Seat belt law comes into force 21 Apr 1983—21 Apr 1983: ?1 coin into circulation in Britain 7 Oct 1983—7 Oct 1983: Plans to abolish GLC announced 26 Nov 1983—26 Nov 1983: Brinks Mat robbery: 6,800 gold bars worth nearly ?26 million are stolen from a vault at Heathrow Airport 10 1983—31 Oct 1983: Grenada United States Intervention
195	1984	1984—1984: The CD-ROM invented 1984—1984: The Apple Macintosh invented 6 Mar 1984—6 Mar 1984: Miners strike begins 17 Apr 1984—17 Apr 1984: Police Constable Yvonne Fletcher killed by gunfire from the Libyan Embassy in London 22 Jun 1984—22 Jun 1984: Inaugural flight of Virgin Atlantic 9 Jul 1984—9 Jul 1984: York Minster struck by lightning - the resulting fire damaged much of the building but the Rose Window' not affected 12 Oct 1984—12 Oct 1984: IRA bomb explodes at Tory conference hotel in Brighton - 4 killed 24 Oct 1984—24 Oct 1984: Miners' strike ? High Court orders sequestration of NUM assets 3 Dec 1984—3 Dec 1984: British Telecom privatised - shares make massive gains on first day's trading
196	1985	1985—1985: Windows program invented by Microsoft 3 Mar 1985—3 Mar 1985: Miners agree to call off strike 11 Mar 1985—11 Mar 1985: Al Fayed buys Harrods 13 Jul 1985—13 Jul 1985: Live Aid' pop concert raises over ?50M for famine relief 1 Sep 1985—1 Sep 1985: Wreck of Titanic' found (sank 1912) 12 Dec 1985—12 Dec 1985: Plane crash in Gander, Newfoundland A DC-8 crashes just after take-off killing 256
197	1986	1986—1986: Census of Canada 1986 census asks about activity limitations 1986—1986: A high-temperature super-conductor invented by J. Georg Bednorz and Karl A. Muller 1986—1986: Synthetic skin invented by G. Gregory Gallico, III 1986—1986: Fuji introduced the disposable camera 31 Mar 1986—31 Mar 1986: GLC and 6 metropolitan councils abolished 26 Apr 1986—26 Apr 1986: Chernobyl nuclear accident - radiation reached Britain on 2 Ma 26 May 1986—26 May 1986: The European Community adopts the European flag 23 Jul 1986—23 Jul 1986: Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey 27 Oct 1986—27 Oct 1986: 'Big Bang' (deregulation) of the London Stock Market 29 Oct 1986—29 Oct 1986: M25 motorway ring around London completed
198	1987	1987—1987: World population crossed the 5 billion mark 1987—1987: The first 3-D video game invented 1987—1987: Disposable contact lenses invented 2 Feb 1987—2 Feb 1987: Terry Waite kidnapped in Beirut (released 17 Nov 1991) 6 Mar 1987—6 Mar 1987: Car ferry Herald of Free Enterprise' capsizes off Zeebrugge - 188 die 1 Jul 1987—1 Jul 1987: Excavation begins on the Channel Tunnel 19 Aug 1987—19 Aug 1987: Hungerford Massacre - Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a rifle 16 Oct 1987—16 Oct 1987: The 'Hurricane' sweeps southern England 19 Oct 1987—19 Oct 1987: 'Black Monday' in the City of London - Stock Market crash 8 Nov 1987—8 Nov 1987: Enniskillen bombing at a Remembrance Day ceremony 18 Nov 1987—18 Nov 1987: King's Cross fire in London - 31 people die
199	1988	1988—1988: Digital cellular phones invented 1988—1988: The RU-486 (abortion pill) invented 1988—1988: Doppler radar invented by Christian Andreas Doppler 1988—1988: Prozac® invented at the Eli Lilly Company by inventor Ray Fuller 1988—1988: The first patent for a genetically engineered animal is issued to Harvard University researchers Philip Leder and Timothy Stewar 1988—1988: Ralph Alessio and Fredrik Olsen received a patent for the Indiglo ® nightlight 5 Feb 1988—5 Feb 1988: First 'Red Nose Day' in UK, raising money for charity 6 Jul 1988—6 Jul 1988: Piper Alpha disaster - North Sea oil platform destroyed by explosion and fire killing 167 men 15 Nov 1988—15 Nov 1988: Copyright, Designs and Patents Act - reformulated the statutory basis of copyright law (including performing rights) in the UK 12 Dec 1988—12 Dec 1988: Clapham Junction rail crash kills 35 and injures hundreds after two collisions of three commuter trains 21 Dec 1988—21 Dec 1988: Lockerbie disaster - Pan Am flight 103 explodes over Scotland
200	1989	1989—1989: Poll Tax implemented in Scotland 1989—1989: High-definition television invented 1 Jan 1989—1 Jan 1989: Free Trade Agreement with U.S. 20 Jan 1989—20 Jan 1993: George H. W. Bush George H. W. Bush U.S. Presidency 14 Feb 1989—14 Feb 1989: The first of 24 satellites of the Global Positioning System is placed into orbit 2 Mar 1989—2 Mar 1989: EU decision to ban production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century 9 Nov 1989—9 Nov 1989: Berlin Wall torn down 21 Nov 1989—21 Nov 1989: Proceedings of House of Commons first televised live 1 1989—20 Jan 1993: George H.W. Bush 12 1989—3 Jan 1990: US Invasion of Panama United States vs Panama
201	1990	1990—1990: The World Wide Web/Internet protocol (HTTP) and WWW language (HTML) created by Tim Berners-Lee 8 Feb 1990—28 Feb 1991: Persian Gulf War United States and Coalition Forces vs Iraq 11 Feb 1990—11 Feb 1990: Nelson Mandela released in South Africa 31 Mar 1990—31 Mar 1990: Riots in London against Poll Tax which had been implemented in England & Wales 25 Apr 1990—25 Apr 1990: Hubble space telescope launched 2 Aug 1990—28 Feb 1991: Gulf War Gulf War 22 Nov 1990—22 Nov 1990: Margaret Thatcher resigns as Conservative party leader (and Prime Minister) 1 Dec 1990—1 Dec 1990: Channel Tunnel excavation teams meet in the middle
202	1991	1991—1991: The 'Internet' comes into existence 1991—1991: Poll Tax replaced (by Council Tax) 1991—1991: Census of Canada 1991 census asks about common-law status for the first time 1991—1991: The digital answering machine invented 18 May 1991—18 May 1991: Helen Sharman is first British Astronaut in Space Aug 1991—Aug 1991: Collapse of the Soviet Union 6 Sep 1991—6 Sep 1991: Leningrad renamed St Petersburg 5 Nov 1991—5 Nov 1991: Robert Maxwell drowns at sea
203	1992	1992—1992: The smart pill invented 7 Feb 1992—7 Feb 1992: European Union formed by The Maastricht Treaty 22 Apr 1992—22 Apr 1992: Betty Boothroyd elected as first female Speaker of the House of Commons 5 Jul 1992—7 May 1992: 27th Amendment ratified 15 Aug 1992—15 Aug 1992: Football Premier League kicks off in England 16 Sep 1992—16 Sep 1992: 'Black Wednesday' as Pound leaves the ERM 20 Nov 1992—20 Nov 1992: Fire breaks out in Windsor Castle causing over ?50 million worth of damage 24 Nov 1992—24 Nov 1992: The Queen describes this year as an 'Annus Horribilis'
204	1993	1993—1993: Elizabeth II becomes first British Monarch to pay Income Tax 1993—1993: Betty Boothroyd first woman Speaker of the House of Commons (to 2000) 1993—1993: The pentium processor invented 20 Jan 1993—20 Jan 2001: Bill Clinton Bill Clinton U.S. Presidency Jul 1993—Jul 1993: Ratification of Maastricht Treaty, established the European Union (EU) 1 1993—20 Jan 2001: William Jefferson Clinton
205	1994	1994—1994: 15 million people now connected to the Internet 1994—1994: HIV protease inhibitor invented 12 Mar 1994—12 Mar 1994: Church of England ordains its first female priests 6 May 1994—6 May 1994: Channel Tunnel open to traffic 19 Nov 1994—19 Nov 1994: National Lottery starts
206	1995	1995—1996: Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina United States as part of NATO acted peacekeepers in former Yugoslavia 1995—1995: The Java computer language invented 1995—1995: DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) invented 26 Feb 1995—26 Feb 1995: Nick Leeson brings down Barings Bank 15 Jul 1995—15 Jul 1995: First item sold on Amazon.com 16 Nov 1995—16 Nov 1995: The Queen Mother has a hip replacement operation at 95 years old 22 Nov 1995—22 Nov 1995: Toy Story' released - first feature-length film created completely using computer-generated imagery
207	1996	1996—1996: Web TV invented 9 Feb 1996—9 Feb 1996: IRA bomb explodes in London Docklands - ends 17 month ceasefire 13 Mar 1996—13 Mar 1996: Dunblane massacre 15 Jun 1996—15 Jun 1996: IRA bomb explodes in Manchester 5 Jul 1996—5 Jul 1996: Scientists in Scotland clone a sheep (Dolly) 28 Aug 1996—28 Aug 1996: Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales are divorced 5 1996—15 May 1996: Census of Canada 1996 census counts 28,846,761 individuals. Asks about unpaid housework and mode of transportation to work
208	1997	1997—1997: The gas-powered fuel cell invented 30 Mar 1997—30 Mar 1997: Channel 5 TV begins in UK (launched by the Spice Girls) 1 May 1997—1 May 1997: 'New' Labour landslide victory in Britain (Tony Blair replaces John Major as Prime Minister) 6 May 1997—6 May 1997: Announcement that Bank of England to be made independent of Government control 11 May 1997—11 May 1997: First time a computer beats a master at chess (IBM's Deep Blue v Garry Kasparov) 1 Jul 1997—1 Jul 1997: Hong Kong returned to China 19 Jul 1997—19 Jul 1997: IRA declares a ceasefire 31 Aug 1997—31 Aug 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales killed in car crash in Paris 25 Sep 1997—25 Sep 1997: Land speed record breaks sound barrier for first time

My Footsteps

through our family History

Nancy Bird