Timeline: John Hart: Our Family History

	Date	Event(s)
1	0839	0839—0856: King Aethelwulf King Aethelwulf ( 839 - 856 ) {\n}{\n}839 - Aethelwulf succeeds his father Egbert as King of Wessex{\n}841 - Vikings raid Kent and East Anglia, and establish a settlement at Dublin{\n}842 - Many die in London and Rochester during Viking raids{\n}844 - Ken 0839—0858: Ethelwulf Saxon: Son of Egbert, King of Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex
2	0856	0856—0860: King Aethalbald King Aethelbald ( 856 - 860 ) {\n}{\n}858 - Aethelbald marries his father's widow Judith{\n}860 - Vikings land on Iceland{\n}860 - Aehelbald dies and his brother Aethelbert become king
3	0858	0858—0860: Ethelbald Saxon: Son of Ethelwulf, displaced father in Wessex
4	0860	0860—0866: King Aethelbert King Aethelbert ( 860 - 866 ) {\n}{\n}860 - Aethelbert becomes King of Wessex following the death of his brother Aethelbald{\n}860 - Winchester sacked by the Danes{\n}865 - The Viking 'Great Heathen Army' commanded by Halfdan and Ivar the Boneless lands i 0860—0866: Ethelbert Saxon: 2nd son of Ethelwulf, united Kent and Wessex
5	0866	0866—0871: King Aethelred King Aethelred I ( 866 - 871 ) {\n}{\n}866 - Aethelred becomes king on the death of his brother Aethelbert{\n}869 - Edmund King of East Anglia resists the Vikings and is killed{\n}870 - Aethelred defeated by the Danes (Vikings) at Reading{\n}871 - Aethelr 0866—0871: Ethelred I Saxon: 3rd son of Ethelwulf, King of Wessex, fought Danes
6	0870	0870—0888: Borivoj I
7	0871	0871—0899: King Alfred King Alfred the Great ( 871 - 899 ) {\n}{\n}{\n}871 - Alfred becomes King of Wessex following the death of his brother Aethelred{\n}872 - London falls to Viking raiders{\n}875 - After persistent attacks by Vikings the monks of Lindesfarne travel through N 0871—0899: Alfred the Great Saxon: 4th son of Ethelwulf, defeated Danes, fortified London
8	0883	0883—0883: King Gorm becomes the first known ruler of a united Danish kingdom
9	0894	0894—0915: Spytihnev I Son of Borivoj I
10	0899	0899—0925: King Edward The Elder King Edward The Elder ( 899 - 925 ) {\n}{\n}901 - Edward the Elder takes the title "King of the Angles and Saxons"{\n}913 - Edward the Elder recaptures Essex from the Danes 0899—0924: Edward the Elder Saxon: Alfred's son, united English, claimed Scotland
11	0915	0915—0921: Vratislav I. (Vratislaus) Brother of Spytihnev I
12	0921	0921—0935: V clav I. Svaty (Wenceslaus) Son of Vratislav I; known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands.
13	0924	0924—0940: Athelstan the Glorious Saxon: Edward's eldest son, King of Mercia, Wessex
14	0925	0925—0940: King Athelstan King Athelstan ( 925 - 940 ) {\n}{\n}926 - Athelstan annexes Northumbria, and forces the kings of Wales, Strathclyde, the Picts, and the Scots to submit to him{\n}937 - Battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats alliance of Scots, Celts, Danes, and Vikings,
15	0935	0935—0972: Boleslav I. Ukrutny (Boleslaus I the Cruel) Brother of V clav I.
16	0940	0940—0946: Edmund I The Magnificent Saxon: 3rd son of Edward, King of Wessex, Mercia 0940—0985: The reign of Harold Bluetooth. The Christian church is established in Denmark
17	0945	0945—0946: King Edmund King Edmund ( 940 - 946 ) {\n}{\n}945 - Dunstan becomes abbot of Glastonbury{\n}946 - Edmund killed at Pucklechurch
18	0946	0946—0955: King Edred King Edred ( 946 - 955 ) {\n}{\n}954 - Expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe, last Danish king of York 0946—0955: Edred Saxon: 4th son of Edward
19	0955	0955—0959: King Edwy (Eadwig) King Edwy (Eadwig) ( 955 - 959 ) {\n}{\n}956 - Dunstan sent into exile by Edwy{\n}957 - Mercians and Northumbrians rebel against Edwy 0955—0959: Edwy the Fair Saxon: Eldest son of Edmund, King of Wessex 0955—0959: Edgar the Peaceful Saxon: 2nd son of Edmund, ruled all English
20	0959	0959—0975: King Edgar King Edgar ( 959 - 975 ) {\n}{\n}959 - England united under Edgar{\n}973 - Northern Kings submit to Edgar at Chester
21	0972	0972—0999: Boleslav II. Pobozny (Boleslaus II the Pious) Son of Boleslav I.
22	0975	0975—0978: King Edward The Martyr {\n}King Edward The Martyr ( 975 - 978 ) {\n}{\n}978 - Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle 0975—0978: Edward the Martyr Saxon: Eldest son of Edgar, murdered by stepmother
23	0978	0978—1016: King Aethelred II The Unready King Aethelred II The Unready ( 978 - 1016 ) {\n}{\n}980 - Danes renew their raids on England attacking Chester and Southampton{\n}991 - Battle of Maldon: Byrhtnoth of Essex is defeated by Danish invaders; Aethelred II buys off the Danes with 10,000 pound 0978—1016: Ethelred II the Unready Saxon: 2nd son of Edgar, half-brother of Edward, married Emma of Normandy
24	0999	0999—1002: Boleslav III. Rysavy (Boleslaus III the Red-haired) Son of Boleslav II.
25	1000	1000—1004: Viking explorations Lief Ericsson explores coast of Labrador and Newfoundland
26	1002	1002—1003: Vladivoj Of the Piast dynasty (?). Said to be first cousin of Boleslav III. Polish name Wladywoj.
27	1003	1003—1003: Boleslav III. Second time 1003—1004: Boleslav Chrabry (Boleslaus the Brave) Of the Piast dynasty; Brother of Vladivoj (?). Duke - later king - of Poland (as Boleslaw I Chrobry). The fourth Bohemian ruler with name Boleslav but noted under his original name (without ordinal number).
28	1004	1004—1012: Jarom¡r Brother of Boleslav III.
29	1012	1012—1033: Oldrich Brother of Jarom¡r. Also known as Odalrich, Udalrich, Ulrich.
30	1013	1013—1013: Union of Denmark and England
31	1016	1016—1016: King Edmund II Ironside {\n}King Edmund II lronside ( 1016 ) {\n}{\n}1016 - Edmund Ironside, son of Aethelred II the Unready of England, becomes King. At the battle of Abingdon, in Essex, King Canute II of Denmark defeats Edmund. They meet on the Isle of Alney in the Severn and 1016—1035: King Cnut (Canute) King Cnut (Canute) ( 1016 - 1035 ) {\n}{\n}1017 - Canute marries Emma of Normandy, the widow of Ethelred II. Canute divides England into four earldoms - Northumbria Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia. {\n}1027 - Canute make a pilgrimage to Rome to demonstrate 1016—1017: Edmund II Ironside Saxon: Eldest son of Ethelred II, King of London
32	1017	1017—1035: Canute the Dane Dane: By conquest and election. Gave Wessex to Edmund, married Emma
33	1023	1023—1023: First paper money printed in China
34	1033	1033—1034: Jarom¡r Second time
35	1034	1034—1034: Oldrich Second time 1034—1055: Bretislav I. (Bretislaus) Son of Oldrich.
36	1035	1035—1040: King Harold I Harefoot King Harold I Harefoot ( 1035 - 1040 ) {\n}{\n}1035 - Canute's son Harold Harefoot usurps the throne from his half-brother, Harthacanute, the rightful heir.
37	1036	1036—1040: Harald I, Harefoot Dane: Natural son of Canute
38	1040	1040—1042: King Harthacnut King Harthacnut ( 1040 - 1042 ) {\n}{\n}1040 - Harold Harefoot dies and Harthacanute accedes to the throne 1040—1042: Hardecanute Dane: Son of Canute by Emma, Danish King
39	1042	1042—1066: King Edward The Confessor King Edward The Confessor ( 1042 - 1066 ) {\n}{\n}1042 - Harthacanute dies and is succeded by Edward the Confessor, son of Aethelred II.{\n}1051 - Edward marries Edith daughter of Earl Godwine of Wessex, but quarrels with Godwine and banishes the rebellio 1042—1066: Edward the Confessor Saxon: Son of Ethelred II (Canonized 1161)
40	1045	1045—1045: Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
41	1050	1050—1050: Crossbow invented in France
42	1055	1055—1061: Spytihnev II. Son of Bretislav I.
43	1061	1061—1092: Vratislav II Brother of Spytihnev II. King 1085-1092 as Vratislav I.
44	1066	1066—1066: King Harold King Harold II ( 1066 ) {\n}{\n}1066 - Harold II fights a Viking force under Harold Hadrada and defeats them at Stamford Bridge. He hastily marches South at the news that William Duke of Normandy with 100 ships had landed on Penvensey Bay and marched into 1066—1066: Harold II Saxon: Edward's brother-in-law, last Saxon King 1 Jun 1066—6 Jan 1066: Edward the Confessor dies 6th January 1066 Edward the Confessor Dies - Harold 11 reigned for 9 months 10 1066—1087: King William I The Conqueror 1066 - William and his Norman army defeat Harold II and the Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. Harold is killed and, after subduing the rest of the country, William is crowned King of England.{\n}1067 - William suppresses a Saxon revolt in the southwest of 10 1066—14 Oct 1066: Invasion of England Invasion of England by Duke William of Normanduy{\n}Battle of Hastings 9 1066—25 Sep 1066: Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold 11 defeats Norwegian invasion 12 1066—25 Dec 1066: William crowned King of England at Winchester 12 1066—9 Sep 1087: William I the Conqueror Norman: Second cousin to Edward the Confessor, by conquest. Defeated Harold at Hastings.
45	1069	1069—1069: King Malcolm Canmore of Scotland marries Margaret (St. Margaret)
46	1071	1071—1071: Norman conquest of England complete
47	1072	1072—1072: King Malcolm 111 of Scotland submitted to William the Conqueror c 1070 Re-construction of Canterbury Cathedral begins: The Saxon Cathedral burned down in 1067.{\n}Lanfrac, frist Norman Archbishop, restored and enlarged it's buildings between 1067 and 1077{\n}A new Quire was consecrated in 1130 but burned down in 1174, four y
48	1079	1079—1079: Construction of Winchester Cathedral begins (consectraed in 1093 but not completed until 1404
49	1081	1081—1081: Building of Tower of London starts (others say 1067)
50	1086	1086—1086: Compilation of Domesday Book
51	1087	1087—1100: King William II King William II Rufus ( 1087 - 1100 ) {\n}{\n}1087 - William Il accedes to the throne on the death of his father, William I.{\n}1088 - William crushes a baronial rebellion in Normandy led by his uncle, Odo of Bayenx, William's brother, Robert supports the 9 1087—2 Aug 1100: William II (Rufus) Norman: 3rd son of William I, accidentally killed by arrow while hunting.
52	1092	1092—1100: Bretislav II Nephew of Konr d I, son of Vratislav II. 1092—1092: Konr d I. Brnensky (Conrad of Brno) Brother of Vratislav II.
53	1098	1098—1098: Expedition of Magnus Barelegs to Scottish coasts
54	1100	1100—1135: King Henry I King Henry I ( 1100 - 1135 ) {\n}{\n}1100 - Henry I succeeds his brother, William II.{\n}1100 - Henry issues a Charter of Liberties, pledging good governance.{\n}1100 - Henry marries Edith known as Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. {\n}1101 - 8 May 1100—1 Dec 1135: Henry I Beauclerc Norman: Youngest son of William I
55	1101	1101—1107: Borivoj II Brother of Bretislav II.
56	1102	1102—1102: Synod of Westminster under St. Anselm forbids clergy to marry
57	1107	1107—1109: Svatopluk Olomoucky (Sventopluk of Olomouc) First cousin of Borivoj II.
58	1109	1109—1117: Vladislav I. (Vladislaus) Brother of Borivoj II.
59	1110	1110—1110: Introductions in England of Pipe Rolls, recording exchequer payments
60	1117	1117—1120: Borivoj II Second time
61	1120	1120—1120: First reference in Scotland to Burghs and Sheriffs 1120—1125: Vladislav I Second time
62	1125	1125—1140: Sobeslav I. (Sobeslaus) Brother of Vladislav I.
63	1135	1135—1154: King Stephen {\n}King Stephen ( 1135 - 1154 ) {\n}1135 - Stephen usurps the throne from Matilda, Henry 1's daughter.{\n}1136 - The Earl of Norfolk leads the first rebellion against Stephen.{\n}1138 - Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I, deserts 12 1135—25 Oct 1154: Stephen Norman: Son of Adela,daugher of William I, and Count of Blois
64	1138	1138—1138: Battle of The Standard
65	1140	1140—1172: Vladislav II Nephew of Sobeslav I, son of Duke Vladislav I. King 1158-1172 as Vladislav I.
66	1154	1154—1189: King Henry II King Henry II ( 1154 - 1189 ) {\n}{\n}1154 - Henry II accedes to the throne at the age of 21 upon the death of his second cousin, Stephen.{\n}1155 - Henry appoints Thomas a Becket as Chancellor of England, a post that he holds for seven years.{\n}1155 - P 12 Apr 1154—1 Sep 1159: Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV) becomes only English Pope. Died 1.9.1159. 12 1154—6 Jul 1189: Henry II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of Godfrey Plantagenet (Angevin) by Matilda, daughter of Henry I
67	1163	1163—1163: Danegeld tax abolished
68	1166	1166—1166: Establishment of trial by jury
69	1170	12 1170—29 Dec 1170: Murder of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury Cathedral
70	1172	1172—1172: Pope decrees that Henry II of England is feudal lord of Ireland 1172—1173: Bedrich (Frederick) Son of Vladislav II.
71	1173	1173—1178: Sobeslav II First cousin once removed of Bedrich, Son of Sobeslav I.
72	1175	1175—1175: Treaty of Falaise signed - William the Lyon surrenders Scottish crown to King Henry II of England
73	1176	1176—1209: London Bridge construction in stone started (from tax on wool) completed 1209
74	1178	1178—1189: Bedrich Second time
75	1182	1182—1182: Magnetic compass invented
76	1189	1189—1199: Richard I 'Lionheart' becomes King of England. Dies 1199. - Acknowledges the independence of Scotland.{\n}1.9.1189, Legal Memory dates from accession of Richard I 1189—1199: King Richard I The Lion Heart King Richard I The Lion Heart ( 1189 - 1199 ) {\n}{\n}1189 - Richard I becomes King of England upon the death of Henry II{\n}1189 - William Longchamp is appointed Chancellor of England and governs the country during Richard's absence abroad{\n}1189 - Rich 1189—1191: Konr d II. Ota (Conrad-Otto) Descendant of Konr d I. 1189—1199: Richard I the Lionhearted House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest surviving son of Henry II, crusader
77	1190	1190—1280: 'Early English' Gothic period in English architecture
78	1191	1191—1192: V clav II Brother of Sobeslav II.
79	1192	1192—1193: Premysl I. Otakar (Ottokar I) Son of Vladislav II.
80	1193	1193—1197: Jindrich Bretislav (Henry Bretislaus) First cousin of Premysl I. Otakar.
81	1197	1197—1197: Vladislav (III.) Jindrich (Vladislaus III Henry) Brother of Premysl I. Otakar. 1197—1198: Premysl I. Otakar Second time. Became King in 1198, and his descendants retained the title.
82	1199	1199—1216: King John {\n}King John ( 1199 - 1216 ) {\n}{\n}1199 - John accedes to the throne on the death of his brother, Richard I.{\n}1204 - England loses most of its possessions in France.{\n}1205 - John refuses to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury{\n}1208 5 1199—19 Oct 1216: John Lackland House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Youngest son of Henry II, signed Magna Carta 1215
83	1200	1200—1200: Clothing buttons invented
84	1202	1202—1202: The Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to the west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci
85	1215	6 1215—15 Jun 1215: Magna Carta signed at Runnymede by King John First Lord Mayor's Show in London
86	1216	1216—1272: King Henry II King Henry III ( 1216 - 1272 ) {\n}{\n}1216 - Henry III is crowned King at the age of nine. England is ruled temporarily by two regents, Hubert de Burgh and William the Marshal{\n}1222 - De Burgh successfully puts down an insurrection supporting the Frenc 10 1216—16 Nov 1272: Henry III House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of John, acceded at 9, under regency until 1227
87	1220	1220—1343: Start of building of York Minster: Archbishop Walter de Gray started its construction (with transept) in 1220 working from the design of the Norman Cathedral of 1070. Its towers were finally completed in 1470. (some say started 1291, completed 1345){\n}Salisbury Cathedral started (replacing the Norman cathedral at Old Sarum) by Bishop Poore in 1220, consecrated i
88	1222	1222—1222: Introduction of poll tax in England King Alexander II of Scotland conquers Argyll
89	1228	1228—1228: First recorded mention of the Royal Mint
90	1231	1231—1231: Cambridge University organised and grantred Royal Charter
91	1237	1237—1237: Treaty of York signed
92	1247	1247—1247: Foundation of Bedlam (Bethleham Hospital), London by Simon Fitzmary
93	1248	1248—1248: Charter granted to Oxford University by Henry II c 1250 Royal Proclamation by Henry II are first government documents issued in English
94	1249	1249—1249: Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula
95	1250	1250—1250: Gun invented in China
96	1263	1263—1263: Battle of Largs Ayrshire King Alexander defeats Norwegian invaders under King Haakon
97	1264	1264—1264: First recorded reference to Justice of the Peace in England
98	1266	1266—1266: Western Isles acquired by Scotland
99	1268	1268—1269: Invention of eyeglasses
100	1272	1272—1307: King Edward I Longshanks {\n}King Edward I Longshanks ( 1272 - 1307 ) {\n}{\n}1272 - Edward learns that he has succeeded to the throne on his way home from the Crusade{\n}1274 - Edward is crowned in Westminster Abbey{\n}1282 - Edward invades North Wales and defeats Prince Llywely 11 1272—7 Jul 1307: Edward I Longshanks House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of Henry III
101	1280	1280—1370: 'Decorated' Gothic period in English architecture 1280—1280: Mechanical clocks invented
102	1283	1283—1283: Annexation of Wales to England
103	1285	1285—1290: Windmills invented
104	1290	1290—26 Sep 1290: Death of 'maid of Norway' heiress to the Scotish crown Name: Margaret , Maid of Norway{\n}Father: Eric II, King of Norway{\n}Mother: Margaret, daughter of Alexander III{\n}House of: Canmore{\n}Born: April 9, 1283 at Tonsberg, Norway{\n}Ascended to the throne: March 19, 1286 aged 2 years{\n}Crowned: Not crowne
105	1291	1291—1292: Compwetition for the Crown of Scotland between some eleven 'competitors' including John Baliol, John Comyn and Robert Bruce the elder all claiming the right to succeed
106	1292	1292—1292: King Edward awards Scottish crown to John Baiol (Toon Tabard)
107	1295	1295—1295: signing of the "Auld Alliance" between Scotland and France one of the world's oldest mutual defence treaties 1295—1295: Modern glassmaking begins in Italy
108	1296	1296—1296: Annexation of Scotland by England Scotlands Coronation Stone the "Stone of Destiny" or "Stone of Scone" was removed to Westminste Abbey by the English King Edward I, temporarily 'returned' to Scotland in 1950, and permanently returned in 1996{\n}John Baiol dethroned by Edward I{\n}Beginni
109	1297	1297—1297: Battle of Stirling Bridge, defeat of the English Army.
110	1298	1298—1298: Battle of Falkirk
111	1301	2 Jul 1301—7 Feb 1301: Edward Son of Edward I created first Prince of Wales He became King Edward II
112	1305	1305—1305: Unlawful trial and execution of William Wallace
113	1306	1306—1306: Robert the Bruce crowned King Robert I of Scots
114	1307	1307—1327: King Edward II King Edward II ( 1307 - 1327 ) {\n}{\n}1307 - Edward II accedes to the throne on the death of his father, Edward I.{\n}1308 - Edward's favourite, Piers Gaveston, is exiled for misgovernment.{\n}1309 - Gaveston returns from exile in France.{\n}1310 - Parli 7 Aug 1307—20 Jan 1327: Edward II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest surviving son of Edward I, deposed by Parliament 3217
115	1314	6 1314—24 Jun 1314: Battle of Bannockburn Scots under Robert the Bruce routed the English led by Edward II{\n}Resulted in Scottish independence
116	1320	1320—1320: Declaration of Arbroath; a statement of Scottish Independence
117	1326	1326—1326: First Scottish Parliamanet at Cambuskenneth 1326—1326: First mention of a handgun
118	1327	1327—1377: King Edward III King Edward III ( 1327 - 1377 ) {\n}{\n}1327 - Edward III accedes to the throne after his father, Edward II, is formally deposed.{\n}1330 - Edward takes power after three years of government by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover, Roger Mortimer 1327—1327: Deposition and regicide of King Edward II of England 1 1327—21 Jun 1377: Edward III of Windsor House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Eldest son of Edward II
119	1328	1328—1328: Treaty of Northampton, formalised peace between England and Scotland 1328—1328: First sawmill
120	1329	1329—1329: Death of Robert the Bruce; succeeded by King David II of Scots
121	1346	1346—1346: Battle of Neville's Cross; English capture King David II
122	1348	1348—1348: Order of the Garter founded by King Edward III of England Motto - Honi soit qui mal y pense
123	1349	1349—1349: Black Death reaches England
124	1351	1351—1351: Statute of Labourers - attempt to regulate wages and prices at 1340 levels
125	1362	1362—1362: English becomes official language in English Parliament and Law Courts Quarter Sessions established by statute
126	1366	1366—1366: Statuts ot Kilkenny belatedly forbid intermarriage of English and Irish Gaelic culture unsuccessfully suppressed 1366—1366: Scales for weighing invented
127	1370	1370—1370: 'Perpendicular' Gothic period in English architecture till about 1550
128	1371	1371—1371: Accession of Robert II, the first Stewart King of Scots
129	1377	1377—1399: King Richard II {\n}King Richard II ( 1377 - 1399 ) {\n}{\n}1377 - Richard II succeeds his grandfather, Edward III; the kingdom is ruled at first by the King's uncles, John of Gaunt and Thomas of Gloucester.{\n}1380 - John Wycliffe begins to translate the New Testament f 6 1377—29 Sep 1399: Richard II House of Plantagenet, Angevin Line: Son of the Black Prince, grandson of Edward III, minor until 1389, deposed 1399 by Parliament
130	1381	1381—1381: Peasants Revolt under Wat Tyler in protest at poll tax of 1380
131	1382	1382—1382: First translation of the Bible into English by John Wycliffe
132	1383	1383—99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
133	1387	1387—1400: Chaucer begind writing the Canterbury Tales (d.1400)
134	1388	1388—1388: Battle of Otterburn, Northumberland (Chevy Chase)
135	1397	1397—1397: Richard (Dick) Whittington becomes Mayor of London He was Lord Mayor 4 times 1397—1397: The three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway are united in the Union of Kalmar
136	1399	1399—1413: King Henry IV King Henry IV ( 1399 - 1413 ) {\n}{\n}1399 - Henry returns from exile in France to reclaim his estates seized by Richard II; he claims the throne and is crowned. Richard is deposed and later imprisoned in Pontefract Castle.{\n}1400 - Richard dies from sel 1399—1399: Deposition of King Richard II Henry IV establishes Lancastrian Dynasty 9 1399—20 Mar 1413: Henry IV House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: Son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 4th son of Edward III. Chosen by Parliment as successor to Richard II.
137	1400	1400—1400: The first piano called the Spinet invented 1400—1400: First golf balls invented
138	1411	1411—1411: Trigger invented
139	1412	1412—1412: Foundation of the University of St Andrews
140	1413	1413—1422: King Henry V King Henry V ( 1413 - 1422 ) {\n}{\n}1413 - Henry accedes to the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of his father, Henry IV{\n}1415 - Henry thwarts the Cambridge plot, an attempt by a group of nobles to replace him on the throne with his cousin, Edmun 3 1413—31 Aug 1422: Henry V House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: Eldest son of Henry IV, victor of Agincourt
141	1415	10 1415—25 Oct 1415: Battle of Agincourt St. Crispin's Day
142	1420	1420—1420: Oil painting invented
143	1421	1421—1421: In Florence, hoisting gear invented
144	1422	1422—1461: King Henry VI {\n}King Henry VI ( 1422 - 1461 ) {\n}{\n}1422 - Henry becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry V, and then, two months later, King of France on the death of his grandfather, Charles VI.{\n}1422 - John, Duke of Bedford, is appointed Regen 1422—1422: Infant Hnery VI on thromne of England He was 9 months old 9 Jan 1422—5 Mar 1461: Henry VI House of Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line: 9-month old only son of Henry V, deposed 1461by Edward IV (Duke of York) after defeat of Lancastrians at Mortimer's Cross on Feb 2, 1461. Died in Tower
145	1431	1431—1431: Death of Joan of Arc
146	1437	2 1437—20 Feb 1437: Assassination of King James I of Scots at Perth James was murdered at Perth on the night of 20–1 February 1437 in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl.
147	1451	1451—1451: University of Glasgow founded
148	1453	7 1453—17 Jul 1453: End of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control of the French throne.{\n}August - Battle of Stamford Bridge - first War of the Roses - 1455-1487{\n}Gutenberg pri
149	1455	1455—1455: Fall of the Black Douglases in Scotland 1455—1455: Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press with metal movable type
150	1457	1457—1457: First recorded mention of golf in Scotland
151	1460	8 Mar 1460—3 Aug 1460: King Jmes II of Scots killed by an exploding cannon at Kelso
152	1461	1461—1483: King Edward IV King Edward IV ( 1461 - 1483 ) {\n}{\n}1461 - Edward defeats the Lancastrian army at Mortimers Cross and is proclaimed King by his cousin Warwick, "The Kingmaker", in succession to Henry VI.{\n}1464 - Edward marries Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a com 3 May 1461—29 Sep 1483: Edward IV House of York: Great-great-grandson of Edward III, son of Duke of York
153	1465	1465—1465: Irish living near English settlements made to take English surnames 1465—1465: In Germany, drypoint engravings invented
154	1468	1468—1468: Orkney and Shetland Islands acquired from Norway by Scotland
155	1472	1472—1472: St. Andrews made a bishopric
156	1475	1475—1475: Muzzle-loaded rifles invented in Italy and Germany
157	1476	1476—1476: Caxton sets up press in Westminster
158	1483	1483—1483: King Edward V King Edward V ( 1483 ) {\n}{\n}1483 - On the death of Edward, the crown passes to his young son, Edward V {\n}1483 - Edward is declared illegitimate and deposed in favour of his uncle Richard.{\n}1483 - Edward and his younger brother Richard of York were 1483—1485: King Richard III {\n}King Richard III ( 1483 - 1485 ) {\n}{\n}1483 - Richard succeeds his brother Edward IV after confining his two nephews, EdwardV and Richard, Duke of York, in the Tower of London{\n}1483 - The Duke of Buckingham is appointed Constable and Great Chamber 4 Sep 1483—25 Jun 1483: Edward V House of York: Eldest son of Edward IV, murdered in Tower of London.
159	1484	1484—1484: Introduction of bail for defendants in legal courts. English first used for parliamentary statutes
160	1485	1485—1509: King Henry VII King Henry VII ( 1485 - 1509 ) {\n}{\n}1485 - Henry accedes to the throne after defeating Richard III of York at the Battle of Bosworth.{\n}1486 - Henry marries Elizabeth of York, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.{\n}1487 - Henry crushes a 1485—22 Aug 1485: Battle of Bosworth Field King Richard III killed - beginning of the Tudors (Henry VII){\n}Formation of the yeoman of the Guard 1485—1485: Leonardo DaVinci designed the first parachute 8 1485—21 Apr 1508: Henry VII Gaunt House of Tudor: Son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, whose father had married the widow of Henry V; descended from Edward III through is mother, Mary Beaufort via John of Gaunt. By marriage with daughter of Edward IV he united Lancaster and York
161	1486	1486—1486: In Venice, the first known copyright granted
162	1487	1487—1487: Bell chimes invented
163	1492	1492—1492: Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines 1492—1492: Martin Behaim invented the first map globe
164	1494	1494—1494: Whiskey invented in Scotland
165	1495	1495—1495: Foundation of the University of Aberdeen (as King's College)
166	1497	1497—1497: Parish registers instituted in Spain by Cardinal Ximenes 1497—1497: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) explorations John Cabot explores Newfoundland and Cape Breton
167	1499	16 Nov 1499—16 Nov 1499: Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne, executed
168	1500	1500—1500: Gaspar de Corte-Real explorations Gaspar de Corte-Real sails around Newfoundland 1500—1500: The first flush toilets appeared
169	1503	1503—1503: Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (-1505) 1503—1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor 28 May 1503—28 May 1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor
170	1505	1505—1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh 1505—1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh
171	1506	22 Jan 1506—22 Jan 1506: First contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican
172	1507	1507—1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar 1507—1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar Apr 1507—Apr 1507: Suggestion put forward that the New World be named America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci (on Martin Waldseem?ller's world map)
173	1508	1508—1508: Thomas Aubert visits Newfoundland
174	1509	1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England 1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England Henry VIII becomes King of England (to 1547) 1509—1547: King Henry VIII {\n}King Henry VIII ( 1509 - 1547 ) {\n}{\n}1509 - Henry accedes to the throne on the death of his father, Henry VII.{\n}1509 - Henry marries Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the Spanish King and Queen, and widow of his elder brother, Arthur{\n}1513 - The 22 Apr 1509—22 Apr 1509: Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old 11 Jun 1509—11 Jun 1509: Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon 4 1509—28 Jan 1547: Henry VIII House of Tudor: Only surviving son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV
175	1510	1510—1510: Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel 1510—1510: Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein
176	1512	1512—1512: The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice versa 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London the "Auld Alliance" treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became Franch and vice versa Nov 1512—Nov 1512: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for the first time
177	1513	1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of the Scotish Army Death of King James IV of Scots 1513—1513: Urs Graf invents etching 16 Aug 1513—16 Aug 1513: Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at Guinegate 9 Sep 1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots
178	1514	1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland 1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland 1514—1514: The recording of testaments (wills) begins.
179	1515	15 Nov 1515—15 Nov 1515: Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal
180	1516	1516—1516: Thomas More writes Utopia'
181	1517	31 Oct 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as start of the Reformation 10 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg regarded as start of the Reformation
182	1518	1518—1518: Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored by Cardinal Wolsey
183	1520	Nov 1520—Nov 1520: Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
184	1521	17 Apr 1521—17 Apr 1521: Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings 17 May 1521—17 May 1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason 25 May 1521—25 May 1521: Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw
185	1522	6 Sep 1522—6 Sep 1522: The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world
186	1523	1523—1523: Sweden leaves the union
187	1525	1525—1525: New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale
188	1527	1527—1527: Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield
189	1528	1528—1528: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed
190	1529	1529—1529: Diet of Speyer: origin of the word Protestant
191	1531	11 Feb 1531—11 Feb 1531: Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England
192	1532	1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland 1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
193	1533	25 Jan 1533—25 Jan 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen on 1st June) 30 Mar 1533—30 Mar 1533: Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 23 May 1533—23 May 1533: Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled 11 Jul 1533—11 Jul 1533: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII 17 Sep 1533—17 Sep 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I
194	1534	1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII) 1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England Church (Henry VIII) 1534—1534: Jacques Cartier explores Gulf of St. Lawrence Cartier claims land for France
195	1535	1535—1535: Sir Thomas More executed
196	1536	1536—1536: Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 1536—1536: Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540) 1536—1536: Dissolution of monastries starts in England 19 May 1536—19 May 1536: Anne Boleyn executed 30 May 1536—30 May 1536: Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th October) 18 Jul 1536—18 Jul 1536: The authority of the Pope is declared void in England
197	1537	24 Oct 1537—24 Oct 1537: Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI
198	1538	1538—1538: Henry VIII issues English Bible 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 17 Dec 1538—17 Dec 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III
199	1540	1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 9th February - First recorded horse racing event in Britain at Chester 6 Jan 1540—6 Jan 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4 9 Feb 1540—9 Feb 1540: First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester 9 Jul 1540—9 Jul 1540: Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves 28 Jul 1540—28 Jul 1540: Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day, wife #5
200	1541	1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland 1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed King (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland 1541—1541: First French settlement Charlesbourg-Royal settlement esatablished by Cartier
201	1542	1542—1542: Ther Rout of Solway Moss and the death of King James V of Scots 13 Feb 1542—13 Feb 1542: Catherine Howard executed 14 Dec 1542—14 Dec 1542: Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots' succeeds him just 6 days old
202	1543	12 Jul 1543—12 Jul 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him 9 Sep 1543—9 Sep 1543: Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)
203	1544	1544—1544: Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders 1544—1544: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland 1544—1545: Mary of Guise Regent of Scotland Henrys VIII "Rough Wooing" of the Scottish Borders
204	1545	20 Jul 1545—20 Jul 1545: Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982
205	1546	1546—1546: Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII
206	1547	1547—1547: Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias' 1547—1547: Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves) 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales 1547—1553: King Edward VI King Edward VI ( 1547 - 1553 ) {\n}{\n}1547 - Edward VI accedes to the throne at the age of nine after the death of his father, Henry VIII.{\n}1547 - Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, uncle of Edward VI, is invested as Duke of Somerset and Protector of En 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in chruch services in England and Wales Battle of Pinkie{\n}The injuction to keep parish register reiterated{\n}Death of Henry VIII (Edward VI to 1553) 28 Jan 1547—28 Jan 1547: Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553) 20 Feb 1547—20 Feb 1547: Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey 10 Sep 1547—10 Sep 1547: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the British Isles 1 1547—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents. Was forced to name Lady Jane Grey his successor. Council of State proclaimed her queen July 10, 1553. Mary Tudor won Council, was proclaimed queen July 19, 1553.
207	1548	1548—1548: Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554
208	1549	1549—1549: English Parliament declares enclosures legal 1549—1549: First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal 1549—1549: Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand 1549—1549: 9th June First Book of Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament Wedding ring finger changed from right to left{\n}First Act of Uniformity in Engalnd made Catholic Mass illegal{\n}English Parliament declares enclosures legal 9 Jun 1549—9 Jun 1549: First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
209	1550	1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries 1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refuges from the Low Countries
210	1551	1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage 1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of Baptisms and banns of marriage
211	1552	1552—1552: Parishes are ordered to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage. Mar 1552—Mar 1552: An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England
212	1553	1553—1558: Queen Mary I Queen Mary I ( 1553 - 1558 ) {\n}{\n}1553 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen by the Protector, the Duke of Northumberland. After nine days, Mary arrives in London, Lady Jane Grey is arrested, and Mary is crowned Queen.{\n}1554 - After Mary declares her 7 Jun 1553—19 Jul 1553: Jane House of Tudor: Jane claimed throne on death of Edward VI, removed by Mary I 6 Jul 1553—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only 19 Jul 1553—19 Jul 1553: Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne 7 1553—17 Nov 1558: Mary I House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Catherine of Aragon
213	1554	1554—1554: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate at least 30 miles from their wives 1554—1558: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor 12 Feb 1554—12 Feb 1554: Lady Jane Grey beheaded
214	1555	1555—1555: Michel Nostradamus publishes his prophecies
215	1556	21 Mar 1556—21 Mar 1556: Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford
216	1557	1557—1557: The First Covenant signed in Scotland (Foundation of the Presbyterian Church)
217	1558	1558—1558: System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start 1558—1603: Reign of Elizabeth I - Policy of Plantation begins System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start Chancery Proceedings Indexes begin 1558—1603: Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I ( 1558 - 1603 ) {\n}{\n}1558 - Elizabeth accedes to the throne on the death of her half-sister, Mary.{\n}1559 - Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey in January.{\n}1559 - Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity restore the Prote 7 Jan 1558—7 Jan 1558: French take Calais, last English possession in France 24 Apr 1558—24 Apr 1558: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris 17 Nov 1558—17 Nov 1558: Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England 11 1558—24 Mar 1603: Elizabeth I House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn
218	1559	1559—1559: Tobacco introduced to Europe 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent Strenghtens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 15 Jan 1559—15 Jan 1559: Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of Carlisle 29 Apr 1559—29 Apr 1559: Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England & Wales; established Church of England
219	1560	1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 1560—1560: Protestantism is established. Pope's authority is abolished. Celebrating mass becomes illegal. 27 Feb 1560—27 Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland
220	1561	1561—1561: Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire 1561—1561: The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was introduced in 1663
221	1562	1562—1562: Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and the West Indies 1562—1562: African slave trade starts
222	1563	1563—1563: Papal recusants heavily fined for non-attendance at Church The Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from government offices 28 Jul 1563—28 Jul 1563: The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege
223	1564	26 Apr 1564—26 Apr 1564: Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616
224	1565	1565—1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Darley 29 Jul 1565—29 Jul 1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin
225	1566	1566—1566: Murder of Riccio in Holyrood House 9 Mar 1566—9 Mar 1566: Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House
226	1567	1567—1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Bothwell{\n}Earliest date in the French Protestant and Walloon registers 10 Feb 1567—10 Feb 1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion 15 May 1567—15 May 1567: Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell 24 Jul 1567—24 Jul 1567: Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI
227	1568	1568—1568: Battle of Langside Mary's flight into England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I 1568—1568: Bottled beer invented in London 13 May 1568—13 May 1568: Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I
228	1569	1569—1569: Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports 1569—1569: Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection
229	1570	25 Feb 1570—25 Feb 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England
230	1571	1571—1571: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 1571—1571: Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from 'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England Opening of the Royal Exchange, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham 1571—1572: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 23 Jan 1571—23 Jan 1571: Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham - this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666
231	1574	1574—1738: Colonial State Papers published continued to 1738
232	1577	1577—1577: James Burbage opens first theatre in London
233	1578	1578—1578: Earliest Quaker registers begin
234	1579	1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced 1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
235	1580	1580—1580: Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 6 Apr 1580—6 Apr 1580: Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais
236	1581	1581—1581: English Levant Company founded 16 Jan 1581—16 Jan 1581: English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism 4 Apr 1581—4 Apr 1581: Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after circumnavigating the world
237	1582	1582—1582: Gregorian calendar introduced in some couontires: Spain and Portugal, France, Low Countries, part of Italy, Denmark
238	1583	1583—1583: University of Edinburgh founded 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas University of Edinburgh founded Aug 1583—Aug 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's, Newfoundland
239	1584	4 Jun 1584—4 Jun 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'
240	1585	1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press 1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press Shakespeare started seriously to write about this time
241	1587	1587—1587: Introduction of potatoes to England 1587—1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by English at Fotheringay Castle near Peterborough 11th August; Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents, Virginia Dare (August 18th){\n}Introduction of potatoes to England 8 Feb 1587—8 Feb 1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough 19 Apr 1587—19 Apr 1587: Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour 11 Aug 1587—11 Aug 1587: Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)
242	1588	1588—1588: Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright 1588—1588: 29th July Defeat of the Spanish Armada (had set sail from Lisbon 20th May){\n}Invention of shorthand by Dr. Timothy Bright 19 Jul 1588—19 Jul 1588: Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May) 29 Jul 1588—29 Jul 1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines
243	1589	1589—1589: Englishmen, William Lee invents the knitting machine
244	1590	1590—1590: Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents the compound microscope
245	1591	1591—1591: Trinity College, Dublin, founded
246	1592	1592—1592: A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London 1592—1592: Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown 1592—1592: A congregational (or Independant) Church formed in London. Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all minsters equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown 1592—1592: The Presbyterian Church is formally established.
247	1593	1593—1593: British statute mile established by law 1593—1593: British statute mile established by law 1593—1593: Galileo invents a water thermometer
248	1594	1594—1594: Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)
249	1597	1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed 1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed
250	1598	1598—1598: Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre 1598—1598: Bishops transcript of English and Welsh parish registers start [some say 1597] Edict of Nantes gives Huguentots toleration if France
251	1600	1600—1600: Memoirs of Officers of the Royal Navy begin 1600—1600: The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar. 1 Jan 1600—1 Jan 1600: Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March) 31 Dec 1600—31 Dec 1600: British East India Company founded
252	1601	1601—1601: Great English Poor Law Act passed 1601—1601: First use of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster 1601—1601: Great English Poor Law passed First us of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster{\n}Easst India Company formed
253	1602	20 Mar 1602—20 Mar 1602: Dutch East India Company founded 8 Nov 1602—8 Nov 1602: Bodleian Library at Oxford University opened to the public
254	1603	1603—1625: King James I King James I ( 1603 - 1625 ) {\n}{\n}1603 - James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England, Scotland, and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I.{\n}1603 - The Millenary Petition is presented to James I. It expresses Puritan desires for reforms to t 1603—1603: 24th March - Death of Queen Elizabeth I union of Scottish and English crowns under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 1603—1603: The crowns of England and Scotland unite. 24 Mar 1603—24 Mar 1603: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns - under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 25 Jul 1603—25 Jul 1603: Coronation - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain 3 1603—27 Mar 1625: James I House of Stuart: Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, granddaughter of James IV and Margaret. First to call himself King of Great Britain. This became official with the Act of Union, 1707.
255	1604	1604—1632: EXPLORATION PERIOD 1604—1604: First Acadian settlement on Saint-Croix Island 1604—1604: Settlement of New France First Acadian settlement on Saint Croix Island 1 Nov 1604—1 Nov 1604: Shakespeare: Othello' first presented
256	1605	1605—1605: First Acadian settlement in Port-Royal 1605—1605: Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes) 1605—1605: Settlement of New France First successful New France colony at Port Royal 5 Nov 1605—5 Nov 1605: Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes, etc)
257	1606	1606—1606: The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery leave England on 19th De c taking 144 days to reach America 1606—1606: Episcopacy established in Scotland (against wishes of the Scots) 1606—1606: 12th April Adoption of Union Jack as the flag of "Great Britain" The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia{\n}Episcopacy established in Scotland (against the wishes of the Scots 31 Jan 1606—31 Jan 1606: Guy Fawkes and co-conspirators executed 12 Mar 1606—12 Mar 1606: Adoption of Union Flag as the flag of Great Britain' (the term Union Jack is used officially only when the Union Flag is flown from the Jack Mast of a Royal Naval vessel)
258	1607	1607—1607: Jamestown is established 1607—1607: Flight of the Earls - leading Ulster families go into exile 14 May 1607—14 May 1607: Jamestown, Virginia settled - to become the first permanent British colony in North America
259	1608	1608—1608: First use of telescope by Galileo - he observed the moons of Jupiter two years later in Jan 1610 1608—1608: Québec founded Québec founded by Samuel de Champlain 1608—1608: Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope
260	1610	1610—1610: James VI & I established the Episcopal Church in Scotland - Prebyterians persecuted and many of their records lost 1610—1610: James VI established the Episcopal Church in Scotland - Presbyterians persecuted and many of their records lost 1610—1610: Henry Hudson explorations Henry Hudson explores Hudson and James' Bays
261	1611	1611—1611: Authorised (King James) Version of Bible in Britain 1611—1611: Plantation of Ulster with English and Scottish colonists Authorised (King James) version of Bible in England{\n}James VI and I created the title Baronet 22 May 1611—22 May 1611: James VI & I created the title of baronet
262	1613	1613—1613: A copper farthing was produced, as a silver coin would be too small 29 Jun 1613—29 Jun 1613: The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry the Eighth (finally pulled down in 1644)
263	1616	1616—1616: Death of Shakespeare (23rd April) 23 Apr 1616—23 Apr 1616: Tuesday Apr 23 (Julian calendar): Death of Shakespeare
264	1617	1617—1617: Register of Sasines (Land Leases) established in Scotland - record of the transfer of land and property
265	1618	1618—1618: Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I
266	1619	4 Dec 1619—4 Dec 1619: (Nov 24 old style): Colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by many to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas)
267	1620	1620—1620: Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth Rock 1620—1620: Manufacture of coke (the fuel, not the drink!) patented by Dud Dudley 1620—1620: The Mayflower reaches America - December 21st - founds Plymouth New England.{\n}Manufacture of coke patented by Dud Dudley 1620—1620: The earliest human-powered submarine invented 21 Dec 1620—21 Dec 1620: (Dec 16 old style): The Mayflower reaches America - founds Plymouth, New England (had initially set sail from Southampton on Aug 5)
268	1621	1621—1621: Chimneys to be made of brick and to be four and a half feet above the roof 1621—1621: Chimneys to be made of brick and be four and half feet above roof Shakespear's First Polio published
269	1622	1622—1622: First English newspaper appeared - Weekly News' 1622—1622: First Englaish Newspaper appears
270	1624	1624—1624: Monopoly Act in England: patents protected 1624—1624: Edmund Gunter introduces the surveyor's chain (measurement of length) 1624—1624: Monopoly Act in England - patents protected 1624—1624: William Oughtred invents a slide ruler
271	1625	1625—1625: The size of bricks standardised in England around this time 1625—1649: King Charles I King Charles I ( 1625 - 1649 ) {\n}{\n}1625 - Charles I succeeds his father, James I.{\n}1626 - Parliament attempts to impeach the Duke of Buckingham and is dissolved by Charles.{\n}1627 - England goes to war with France, but at La Rochelle the Duke of Bu 1625—1625: The size of bricks standardised in England around this time Death of King James VI and I 1625—1649: Carolean Age 1625—1625: Frenchmen, Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion 27 Mar 1625—27 Mar 1625: Death of King James VI & I 3 1625—30 Jan 1649: Charles I House of Stuart: Only surviving son of James I; beheaded Jan 30, 1649
272	1627	1627—1627: The Company of One Hundred Associates formed to colonize New France
273	1628	1 Mar 1628—1 Mar 1628: Writs issued by Charles I that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date
274	1629	1629—1629: Parliament desolved by King Charles I - did not meet for another 11 years 1629—1629: Québec captured by Britain 1629—1629: Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine 10 Mar 1629—10 Mar 1629: Parliament dissolved by King Charles I - did not meet for another 11 yea
275	1630	1630—1750: Renaissance Period - Art and Antiques 1630—1750: Baroque Period (Art and Antiques) 1630—1640: European diseases/epidemics kill indians
276	1632	1632—1632: Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye 1632—1632: Québec returned to France by the 'Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye' 1632—1633: Samuel de Champlain named the first Governor of New France 7 1632—Jul 1632: Isaac de Razilly sails from LaRochelle Isaac de Razilly departs from LaRochelle with Charles de Menou and 300 settlers. 9 Aug 1632—8 Sep 1632: Isaac de Razilly arrives at Le Heve
277	1633	Jun 1633—Jun 1633: Galileo summoned by Inquisition for publishing in favour of Copernican theory
278	1635	1635—1635: Letter Office of England & Scotland started 1635—1635: Flintlock small arms invented around this time (replaces matchlock) 1635—1635: Letter Office of England and Scotland started Flintlock invented this time
279	1636	1636—1755: PRE-DEPORTATION PERIOD 1636—1636: Hackney Carriages in use by now in London 1636—1636: Hackney Carriages in use by now in London 1636—1636: W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer 4 Jan 1636—1 Apr 1636: Arrival of the St. Jehan in Port-Royal The St. Jehan arrives in Port-Royal with French settlers, including both men and women.
280	1637	1637—1637: Scottish Prayer Book published 1637—1638: Pequot War
281	1638	1638—1638: King Charles regarded protests against the prayerbook as treason - forced Scots to choose between their church and the King - a ?Covenant' swearing to resist these changes to the Death was signed in Greyfriars Church Edinburgh and was accepted by hun 1638—1638: Charles regarded protests against the prayer book as treason forced scots fgo choose between their church and the King - a "Covenant", swearing to resist changes to the death, was signed in Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh and was accepted by hundreds of thousandsof Scots (revival of Presbyterian Church)
282	1639	1639—1639: Act of Toleration in England established religious toleration 1639—1639: Act of Toleration in England established religious tolerance
283	1640	3 Nov 1640—3 Nov 1640: Charles I forced to recall Parliament (the 'Long Parliament') due to Scottish invasion
284	1641	1641—1641: Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England 1641—1641: Charles I and the English Parliament acknowledge the Prebyterian Church in Scotland 1641—1641: Charles I policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England - Charles I and the English Parliament scknowledge the Presbyterian Church in Scotland 23 Oct 1641—23 Oct 1641: 50,000 Irish killed in an uprising in Ulster
285	1642	1642—1642: The Civil War interrupted the keeping of parish registers 1642—1642: English theatres closed by Puritans (till 1660) 1642—1642: 22nd August - Charles I raises his standard at Nottinngham - First Civil War in England (to 1649) - first engagement at Edgehill - {\n}Scottish Covenanters side with the English rebels who take power -{\n}the Earl of Montrose sided with King Chalres, strife spilled into Scotland{\n}The Civil Ward interrupted the ke 1642—1642: Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine 22 Aug 1642—22 Aug 1642: Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham - First Civil War in England (to 1649) 13 Nov 1642—13 Nov 1642: Battle of Turnham Green - Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London 24 Nov 1642—24 Nov 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) 18 Dec 1642—18 Dec 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman first European to set foot in New Zealand
286	1643	1643—1643: Solomn League and Covenrant signed in Scotland 1643—1643: Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer 13 Dec 1643—13 Dec 1643: Battle of Alton - victory for Parliamentarians - Sir Richard Bolle killed in St Lawrence's church
287	1644	1644—1644: Earlist Indepenent (Congregational) registers Earliest Presbyterian registers 29 Jun 1644—29 Jun 1644: Battle of Cropredy Bridge - Royalists beat the Parliamentarian forces 2 Jul 1644—2 Jul 1644: Battle of Marston Moor, near York - Parliamentarian forces beat the Royalists
288	1645	1645—1645: Battle of Philiphaugh in Scotland 1645—1645: Scotland: Each county and burgh ordered to raise and maintain a number of foot soldiers, according to population, to serve as militia - population of Scotland estimated at 420,000 1645—1645: Plague made its last appearance in Scotland 1645—1645: Battle of Philipburgh in Scotland Inquisitions Post Mortem end{\n}Acotland: Each county and burgh ordered to raise and maintain a number of foot soldiers, according to population, to serve as militia -{\n}Population of Scotland estimated at 420,000{\n}Plague made its last appearance in Sc 14 Jun 1645—14 Jun 1645: Battle of Naseby: Parliament's New Model Army crushes the Royalist forces
289	1646	1646—1646: 20th June: Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford 5 May 1646—5 May 1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scottish Army at Newark 20 Jun 1646—20 Jun 1646: Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford
290	1647	1647—1647: Earliest Baptist registers survive from this year
291	1648	1648—1648: Society of Friends (Quakers) founded by George Fox 1648—1648: First practical thermometers made
292	1649	1649—1649: Cromwell's Irish campaign starts 1649—1649: King Charles II proclaimed King of Scots and England in Scotland 1649—1649: 30th June: King Charles I executed 19th May: Commonwealth declared{\n}Cromwell's Irish campaign starts{\n}King Charles II proclaimed King of Scots and England in Scotland 1649—1660: Commonwealth period - Oliver Cromwell 6 Jan 1649—6 Jan 1649: 'Rump' Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial 30 Jan 1649—30 Jan 1649: King Charles I executed 19 May 1649—19 May 1649: Commonwealth declared 20 Dec 1649—20 Dec 1649: Theatres banned by Cromwell 20 Dec 1649—20 Dec 1649: Christmas banned by Cromwell 12 1649—3 Sep 1658: Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector Commonwealth & Protectorate:
293	1650	1650—1650: Coffee brought to England about this time 1650—1650: George Fox founds Society of Friends (Quakers) Coffee brought to England about this time 1650—1650: Otto von Guericke invents a air pump
294	1651	1651—1651: The second English Civil War (1651-1652) 1651—1651: Scottish prisoners transported to the British settlements in America 1651—1652: The second English Civil War Scottish prisoners transported to the English settlements in America 3 Sep 1651—3 Sep 1651: Battle of Worcester
295	1653	1653—1653: Commonwealth registers start 1653—1653: Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land 1653—1653: Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London 1653—1660: Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London 1653—1653: Commonwealther registers start Commonwealth changed into Cromwell's Protectorate{\n}Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land (in Ireland?) 20 Apr 1653—20 Apr 1653: Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament 16 Dec 1653—16 Dec 1653: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
296	1655	1655—1655: Fort Port-Royal is captured by the British 1655—1655: Fort Port-Royal captured by the British
297	1656	1656—1656: Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock
298	1657	1657—1657: Post Office established by Act of Parliament [others say 1660] 1657—1657: A few Jews permitted to settle in England 1657—1657: Post Office established by Act of Parliament (others say 1660) A few Jews permitted to settle in England
299	1658	1658—1658: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector (-1660) 1658—1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell 1658—1660: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector 9 Mar 1658—24 May 1659: Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver. Resigned May 25, 1659 3 Sep 1658—3 Sep 1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell
300	1659	1659—1659: Start of national meteorological Temperature records in the UK 1659—1659: 6th February - date of first known cheque to be drawn 1659—1659: Lake Superior explored Pierre-Esprit Radisson & Sieur des Groseilliers explore Lake Superior 6 Feb 1659—6 Feb 1659: Date of first known bank cheque to be drawn
301	1660	1660—1660: Commonwealth registers ended, Parish Registers resumed 1660—1660: Provincial Probate Courts re-established 1660—1660: Clarendon code restricts Puritans' religious freedom 1660—1660: Composition of light discovered by Newton 1660—1660: Honourable East India Company founded by British 1660—1660: 1st January - Samuel Pepys starts his diary 29th May - Restoration of British Monarchy - Oak Apple Day - Theartres reopened{\n}Commonwealth registers ended, Parish registers resumed{\n}Provincial Probate Courtds re-established{\n}Oct: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn - Thomas H 1660—1660: Quaker-Scottish colony was established in East New Jersey 1660—1685: King Charles II King Charles II ( 1660 - 1685 ) {\n}{\n}1660 - Charles returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne.{\n}1662 - Act of Uniformity compels Puritans to accept the doctrines of the Church of England or leave the church.{\n}1665 - Outbreak of 1660—1660: Restoration Period 1660—1660: Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in the Black Forest region 1 Jan 1660—1 Jan 1660: Samuel Pepys starts his diary 5 May 1660—6 Feb 1685: Charles II House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from Jan 30, 1649. 29 May 1660—29 May 1660: Restoration of British monarchy (Charles II) - 'Oak Apple Day' - theatres reopened 17 Oct 1660—17 Oct 1660: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn 28 Nov 1660—28 Nov 1660: Twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society 8 Dec 1660—8 Dec 1660: First actress plays in London (Margaret Hughes as Desdemona)
302	1661	1661—1661: Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland 1661—1661: Board of Trade founded in London 1661—1661: Hand-struck postage stamps first used 1661—1661: Corporation Act prevents non-Anglicans from holding municipal office 1661—1661: Persectution of Non-Conformists in England Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland{\n}Board of Trade founded in London{\n}Hand-struck postage stamps first used{\n}Corporation Act prevents non-anglicans from holding municipal office 30 Jan 1661—30 Jan 1661: Oliver Cromwell formally 'executed', having been dead for over two years!
303	1662	1662—1662: 'Hearth Tax' introduced - until 1689 (1690 in Scotland) 1662—1662: Poor Relief Act or Act of Settlement' - gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin (repealed 1834) 1662—1662: Tea introduced to Britain 1662—1662: Hearth Tax Poor Relief Act "Act of Settlement" - gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin{\n}Act of Uniformity - about 2,00 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyerians and Independants){\n}Persectution 24 Aug 1662—24 Aug 1662: Act of Uniformity - Acceptance of Book of Common Prayer required - About 2,000 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyterians and Independents) - Persecution of all non-conformists - Presbyterianism dis-established - E
304	1663	1663—1663: Earliest Roman Cathilic registers 1663—1663: Great Québec earthquake 1663—1663: Québec becomes a crown colony (royal province) of France 1663—1663: James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope
305	1664	29 May 1664—29 May 1664: Oak Apple Day - the birthday of Charles II and the day when he entered London at the Restoration; commanded by Act of Parliament in 1664 to be observed as a day of thanksgiving. A special service (expunged in 1859) was inserted in the Book of Common Pray 27 Aug 1664—27 Aug 1664: Nieuw Amsterdam becomes New York as 300 English soldiers under Col. Mathias Nicolls take the town from the Dutch under orders from Charles II. The town is renamed after the King's brother James, Duke of York
306	1665	1665—1665: Great Plague of London (July-October) kills over 60,000 1665—1665: Five-mile Act restricts non-conformist ministers in Britain 1665—1665: Great Plague of London 7 Nov 1665—7 Nov 1665: The ?London Gazette' first published - one of the official journals of record of the United Kingdom government and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United Kingdom
307	1666	1666—1666: Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester 1666—1666: Newton formulated Laws of Gravity 1666—1666: 2nd to 6th September; Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27th June{\n}Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester{\n}Act of Parliament - burials to be in woollen 1666—1689: Considerable religious unrest on Scotland (The Covenanteers) Covenanteers Rising at St. John's Town of Dalry 1666—1666: First New World Census Census taken by Intendant Jean Talon in New France of 3215 inhabitants 2 Sep 1666—2 Sep 1666: Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27 June (2-6 Sep)
308	1667	1667—1667: Treaty of Breda Acadia is recognized as a French possession
309	1668	1668—1668: British East India Company obtains control of Bombay 1668—1668: Newton constructs reflecting telescope 1668—1668: Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope
310	1669	1669—1669: Earliest Lutheran registers survive from this year 31 May 1669—31 May 1669: Last entry in Pepys's diary
311	1670	1670—1670: Treaty of Breda 1670—1670: Earliest Synagogue registers - Bevis Marks 1670—1670: Dom Pérignon invents Champagne 1670—1670: The first reference to a candy cane is made 5 Feb 1670—2 May 1670: Hudson's Bay Company formed Hudson's Bay Company granted trade rights over all territory draining into Hudson's Bay 26 May 1670—26 May 1670: King Charles II and King Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover
312	1671	1671—1671: First Acadian Census The population of Acadia numbering 340 is enumerated for its first census. 1671—1671: Census of Acadia First census of Acadians in Port Royal, New France, counts 340 1671—1671: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine 9 May 1671—9 May 1671: Thomas Blood caught stealing the Crown Jewels
313	1672	1672—1672: Founding of Beaubassin Beaubassin in the Chignecto Region is established 1672—1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland 1672—1672: War with Holland (to 1674) - British Army increased to 10,000 men 1672—1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland War with Holland - British Army increased to 10,000 men 1672—1678: Comte de Frontenac governs New France
314	1673	1673—1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office 1673—1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office 1673—1673: First European settlement in Great Lakes Region Fort Cataraqui (later Fort Frontenac) established by the French
315	1674	10 Nov 1674—10 Nov 1674: Treaty of Westminster - Netherlands cedes New Netherlands (on the eastern coast of North America) to Britain
316	1675	1675—1675: Beginning of Whig party under Shaftsbury 1675—1675: Rebuilding of St Paul's started by Wren (completed 1710) 1675—1675: Beginning of Whig Party under Shaftsbury 10th August; Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started 1675—1675: Christian Huygens patents the pocket watch 4 Mar 1675—4 Mar 1675: John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England 7 Apr 1675—12 Aug 1676: King Philip's War New England colonies vs Wampanoag, Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians 10 Aug 1675—10 Aug 1675: Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started
317	1676	1676—1676: Compton Census, named after its initiator Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was intended to discover the number of Anglican conformists, Roman Catholic recusants and Protestant dissenters in England and Wales from enquiries made in individual parishes 1676—1676: Robert Hooke invents the universal joint
318	1677	1677—1677: Lee's Collection of Names of Merchants in London' published 1677—1677: Lee's "Collection of Names of Merchants in London" published
319	1678	1678—1678: Extension of Test Act to peers 1678—1678: Extension of Test Act to peers 1678—1678: The first edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britiannica" published - in Edinburgh by William Smellie 1678—1678: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
320	1679	1679—1679: Tories first so named 1679—1679: 27th May: Haveas Corpus Act became law in England (Later repealed from time to time){\n}Tories first so named{\n}Battle of Bothwell Brig in Scotland{\n}Buriel in Woolen more strictly enforced 1679—1679: Denis Papin invents the pressure cooker 27 May 1679—27 May 1679: Habeas Corpus Act becomes law in England - (later repealed from time to time)
321	1680	1680—1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post 1680—1680: Dodo becomes extinct in Mauritius through over-hunting 1680—1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post 1680—1770: Chinoiserie Period (Art and Antiques)
322	1681	1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament 1681—1681: Oil lighting first used in London streets 1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament Oil lighting first used in London streets.
323	1682	1682—1682: Founding of Grand-Pré Grand-Pré located in Minas is founded. It will become the bread basket of Acadia. 1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn 1682—1682: Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland 1682—1682: Halley observes the comet which bears his name 1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland
324	1683	1683—1683: Wild boar become extinct in Britain 1683—1683: 6th June: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum on Britain 6 Jun 1683—6 Jun 1683: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum in Britain
325	1684	1684—1684: Presbyterian settlement in Stuart's Town in South Carolina Huguenot registers begin in London
326	1685	1685—1685: James the Second (1685-1689, died 1701) - Monmouth rebellion and battle of Sedgemoor - British Army raised to 20,000 men 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's Invasion of Scotland 1685—1685: Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's invasion of Scotland James II (1689-1689 died 1701){\n}Monmouth Rebellion and Battle of Sedgemoor{\n}British Army raised to 20,000 men{\n}Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported{\n}Revocation of the Edict of Nantes - drove thousands of Proestants 1685—1688: King James II King James II ( 1685 - 1688 ) {\n}{\n}1685 - James succeeds his brother, Charles II.{\n}1685 - Rebellion of the Earl of Argyll in Scotland designed to place the Duke of Monmouth, Charles II's illegitimate son, on the throne is crushed and Argyll is execut 2 Jun 1685—13 Feb 1689: James II House of Stuart (restored): 2nd son of Charles I. Deposed 1688, interregnum Dec 11, 1688, to Feb 13, 1689
327	1686	1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs 1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs 1686—1686: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
328	1687	1687—1687: St-Charles des Mines Church is built at Grand-Pré 4 Apr 1687—4 Apr 1687: James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists 5 Jul 1687—5 Jul 1687: Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' - written in Latin
329	1688	1688—1688: British Army raised to 40,000 1688—1688: Bill of Rights limits the powers of the monarchy over parliament 1688—1688: Hearth Tax abolished 1688—1688: Mutiny Act 1688—1688: February: Edward Lloyds Coffee House - later became Lloyd's of London November: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates{\n}William of Orange lands in England{\n}William of Hanover and Mary daughter of James II, jointly take the throne - (only William, however, has regal power){\n}British Army raised to 40,000{\n}Bill of Feb 1688—Feb 1688: Edward Lloyd's Coffee House opens - later became Lloyd's of London Nov 1688—Nov 1688: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates 5 Nov 1688—5 Nov 1688: William of Orange lands at Torbay Dec 1688—Dec 1688: Siege of Londonderry (began Dec 1688; ended 28 Jul 1689)
330	1689	1689—1689: Devonport naval dockyard established 1689—1702: King William III and Queen Mary II King William III and Queen Mary II ( 1689 - 1702 ) {\n}{\n}1689 - Parliament draws up the Declaration of Right detailing the unconstitutional acts of James II. William and Mary become joint sovereigns.{\n}1689 - Bill of Rights is passed in Parliament.{\n} 1689—1689: Deposed James VII and II flees to Ireland Defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1690){\n}Earliest Royal Dutch Chapel registers{\n}Seige of Londonderry{\n}Toleration Act for Protestant non-conformists{\n}Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland 1689—1697: King William's War English Colonies vs France 1689—1701: French - Five Nations Indian war 13 Feb 1689—13 Feb 1689: William III and Mary II, daughter of James II, jointly take the throne (only William, however, has regal power) 12 Mar 1689—12 Mar 1689: Deposed James VII & II flees to Ireland - defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1 Jul 1690) 24 May 1689—24 May 1689: Toleration Act passed for Protestant non-conformists 27 Jul 1689—27 Jul 1689: Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland - Jacobites defeated Government troops but at high cost 16 Dec 1689—16 Dec 1689: Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, ending King's divine right to raise taxes or wage war 2 1689—28 Dec 1694: William III and Mary II House of Stuart (restored): Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, daughter of Charles I. Mary eldest daughter of James II. She died 1694.
331	1690	1690—1690: The British capture Port-Royal Port-Royal is captured by the British. It will be renamed Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. 1690—1690: Great Synagogue founded Presbyterian fonally established in Scotland{\n}Battle of the Boyne 1690—1690: Port-Royal captured British capture Port-Royal and rename it to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 1690—1690: The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland. 20 May 1690—20 May 1690: England passes Act of Grace, forgiving Roman Catholic followers of James II
332	1691	1691—1691: Earliest date in known German Lutheran registers 1691—1691: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland
333	1692	1692—1692: Land Tax introduced - originally designed as an annual tax on personal estate, public offices and land. For practical purposes, however, assessors tended to avoid assessing items of wealth other than landed property so that it became known as the Land Ta 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to nothing 1692—1692: The Massacre of Glencoe Clan Campbell side with the king and murder members of the Clan McDonald (1691?) 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to naught 13 Feb 1692—13 Feb 1692: The massacre of Glencoe - Clan Campbell sides with King William and murders members of Clan McDonald
334	1693	1693—1693: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1693—1693: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 4 Aug 1693—4 Aug 1693: Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Pierre P?rignon 's invention of Champagne
335	1694	1694—1694: National Debt came into effect in England 1694—1694: Stamp Duties introduced into Britain from Holland 1694—1694: Mary II death leaves William III as sole ruler 1694—1694: Triennial Act, new Parliamentary elections every three years 1694—1694: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane (-1699) 1694—1694: National Deb came into effect in England Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot){\n}Triennial Act 1694—1699: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane 27 Jul 1694—27 Jul 1694: Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot) 12 1694—8 Mar 1702: William III House of Stuart (restored): Reigned alone after death of Mary II
336	1695	1695—1695: Freedom of Press in England granted 1695—1695: Bank of Scotland founded 1695—1695: Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed 1706) 1695—1695: Start of Dissenters' lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish church - some were named 'Papist' and others 'Protestants' 1695—1695: Freedom of the Press Bank of Scotland founded{\n}Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed in 1706){\n}Start of "Dissenters" lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish churc 1695—1695: Census of Acadia Census of St. Jean River Acadians
337	1696	1696—1696: Act of Parliament establishes Workhouses Education Act passed by Scottish Parliament{\n}Window Tax (replaced Hearth Tax) increased in 1747; abolished in 1851)
338	1697	1697—1697: Treaty of Ryswick 1697—1697: 2nd December - Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral 2 Dec 1697—2 Dec 1697: Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral
339	1698	1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Capt Thomas Savery 1698—1698: Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama 1698—1698: Duties (taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Captain Thomas Savery Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama{\n}Duties (Taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 1698—1698: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1698—1698: Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump 4 Jan 1698—4 Jan 1698: Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London destroyed by fire 14 Nov 1698—14 Nov 1698: Eddystone Lighthouse (Henry Winstanley's) first lit; completed 10 days earlier
340	1700	1700—1700: Population in England and Scotland approx 7.5 million 1700—1700: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
341	1701	1701—1701: Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the British throne 1701—1701: Founding of Petitcodiac 1701—1701: Act of Parliament bars Catholice from the British throne 1701—1701: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1701—1701: Jethro Tull invents the seed drill 23 May 1701—23 May 1701: After being convicted of piracy and murdering William Moore, Captain William Kidd hanged in London
342	1702	1702—1702: 8th March - Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11th March - First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735){\n}War of Spanish Succession (1702- 1713) 1702—1714: Queen Anne Queen Anne ( 1702 - 1714 ) {\n}{\n}1702 - Anne succeeds her brother-in-law, William III.{\n}1702 - England declares war on France in the War of the Spanish Succession{\n}1704 - English, Bavarian, and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at 1702—1714: Queen Ann Period (Art & Antiques) 1702—1713: Queen Anne's War English Colonies vs France 1702—1702: War of Spanish Succession 8 Mar 1702—8 Mar 1702: Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11 Mar 1702—11 Mar 1702: First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735) 3 Aug 1702—1 Aug 1714: Anne House of Stuart (restored): 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs
343	1703	1703—1703: Eighth Acadian census With a population of 1,450, the Acadians are enumerated again. 1703—1703: Repeal of Duties on entries in Parish Registers Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 1703—1703: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France counts 1,450 4 Aug 1703—4 Aug 1703: British take Gibraltar 24 Nov 1703—24 Nov 1703: Climate: Most violent storms of the millennium cause vast damage across southern England - about a third of Britain's merchant fleet lost, and Eddystone lighthouse destroyed on 27 November (Nov 24 - Dec 2)
344	1704	1704—1704: Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 1704—1704: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland listing only heads of families 13 Aug 1704—13 Aug 1704: Battle of Blenheim
345	1705	1705—1705: Isaac Newton knighted (for his work at the Royal Mint) 1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newcomen (some say c1710 or 1711) 1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newman
346	1706	1706—1706: First evening newspaper The Evening Post' issued in London
347	1707	1707—1707: 1st January - Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading pri Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March{\n}1st May - English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - {\n}the Kingdom of Great Britian established{\n}Last use of veto by a British sovereign 1707—1707: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 1707—1707: The Act of Union is formed between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain. 16 Jan 1707—16 Jan 1707: Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading privileges - Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March 1 May 1707—1 May 1707: English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - The Kingdom of Great Britain established - largest free-trade area in Europe at the time
348	1708	1708—1708: Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls 1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland 1708—1708: Queen Anne's war breaks out Queen Anne's war breaks out and there is unrest with the British. 1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls 1708—1708: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France
349	1709	1709—1709: Bad harvests throughout Europe - bread riots in Britain 1709—1709: First Copyright Act pass 1709—1709: Second Eddystone lighthouse completed 1709—1709: First Copyright Act passed 1709—1709: Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano 2 Feb 1709—2 Feb 1709: Alexander Selkirk rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe (published in 1719) by Daniel Defoe
350	1710	1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures introduced 1710—1710: Port-Royal falls to the British Port-Royal falls to the British one last time and now called Annapolis Royal after Queen Anne. 1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures
351	1711	1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 1711—1711: Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork 11 Aug 1711—11 Aug 1711: First race meeting at Ascot 8 1711—23 Aug 1711: British Fleet runs aground on Ile-aux-Oeufs 950 drown while preparing to attack Québec
352	1712	1712—1712: Toleration Act passed - first relief to non-Anglicans 1712—1712: Last trial for witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham) 1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1853) 1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1835) Last trial of witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham){\n}Toleration Act passed{\n}First relief to non-Anglicans{\n}Patronage Act - patronage of ministers restored 1712—1712: Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine
353	1713	1713—1713: By this year there are some 3,000 coffee houses in London 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht. Acadia now belongs to England and never again returns to France. 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht concludes the Was of the Spanish Succession 1713—1713: Nova Scotia created Britain renames Acadia to Nova Scotia 1713—1713: Treaty of Utrecht Britain gets possession of Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Acadia -- except for Ile Royale (Cape Breton)
354	1714	1714—1714: Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism 1714—1714: Schism Act, prevents Dissenters from being schoolmasters in England 1714—1714: Longitude Act: prize of ?20,000 offered to the inventor of a workable method of determining a ship's longitude (won by John Harrison in 1773 for his chronometer). 1714—1714: 1st August - Queen Anne Stuart died - George I Hanover becomes king Chancery Proceedings filed under Six Clerics{\n}Schism Act{\n}Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism{\n}Quater Sessions Records from this date often mention Protestant dissenters and Roman Cathilic Recusants 1714—1727: King George I King George I ( 1714 - 1727 ) {\n}{\n}1714 - George I, the first Hanoverian King, succeeds his distant cousin, Anne.{\n}1714 - A new Parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority led by Robert Walpole. {\n}1715 - The Jacobite rising begins in Scotland 1714—1714: Census of Acadia Census of Acadians in New France 8 Jan 1714—Oct 1727: George I House of Hanover: Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sohia, granddaughter of James I. Proclaimed King under Act of Settlement 1 Aug 1714—1 Aug 1714: Queen Anne Stuart dies - George I Hanover becomes king (1714-1727).
355	1715	1715—1715: Second Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender ('The Fifteen') 1715—1715: Riot Act passed Second Jacobire rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender (the fifteenth) 1715—1715: Scots support James Edward Stuart as the king of Great Britain. Called the first Jacobite rebellion. 1 Aug 1715—1 Aug 1715: Riot Act passed
356	1716	1716—1716: Climate: Thames frozen so solid that a spring tide lifted the ice bodily 13ft without interrupting the frost fair 1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 (until 1911) 1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 1716—1716: Census of Acadia Census of Port Toulouse Acadians
357	1717	1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Value of the golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings 1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Edmond Halley invents the diving bell
358	1719	1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising 1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising
359	1720	1720—1720: Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England 1720—1720: Manufacturing towns start to increase in population - rise of new wealth 1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Exchange Alley - government assumes control of National Debt 1720—1720: The French begin construction of the fortress at Louisbourg The fortress at Louisbourg begins construction. 1720—1720: Irish Famine 1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Esxchange Alley Manufacturing towns start to0 increase in population - rise of new wealth
360	1721	1721—1721: Robert Walpole (whig) becaomes first Prime Minister (to 1742) Bailey's Northern Directory 2 Apr 1721—2 Apr 1721: Robert Walpole (Whig) becomes first Prime Minister (to 1742)
361	1722	1722—1722: Knatchbull's Act, poor laws 1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland 1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland Knatchbull's Act, poor law 1722—1722: French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher
362	1723	1723—1723: The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse 1723—1723: The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching - repealed in 1827 1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate 1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching{\n}The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse 1723—1726: Drummer's War
363	1724	1724—1724: Longman's founded (Britain's oldest publishing house) 1724—1724: Rapid growth of gin drinking in England 1724—1724: Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer
364	1725	1725—1726: Treaty of Hanover: France, Prussia, England v. Spain, Austria 12 1725—15 Dec 1725: Indian Treaties Signed Treaties between Eastern Aboriginal Peoples and Great Britain
365	1726	1726—1726: Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison 1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh 1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison
366	1727	1727—1727: Board of Manufacturers established in Scotland 1727—1727: Board of Manufactoring established in Scotland 11th June George I died - George II Hanover becomes king 1727—1760: King George II King George II ( 1727 - 1760 ) {\n}{\n}1727 - George succeeds his father, George I.{\n}1732 - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America.{\n}1737 - Death of George's wife, Queen Caroline.{\n}1738 - John and Charles Wesley start the 11 Jun 1727—11 Jun 1727: George I dies - George II Hanover becomes king 6 Nov 1727—25 Oct 1760: George II House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg
367	1729	1729—1729: Methodists begin in Oxford 9 Nov 1729—9 Nov 1729: Treaty of Seville signed between Britain, France and Spain - Britain maintained control of Port Mahon and Gibraltar
368	1730	1730—1730: Irish famine 1730—1750: Rococo Period (Art and Antiques)
369	1731	1731—1731: Invention of sextant by John Hadley 1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull [others say 1701] 1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull Invention of sextant by John Hadley
370	1732	1732—1732: Earliest Cavalry and Infantry Muster Rolls 7 Dec 1732—7 Dec 1732: Covent Garden Opera House opens
371	1733	1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle, revolutionised the weaving industry 1733—1733: Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: Excise crisis: Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine - Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax 1733—1733: Excise crisis; Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax{\n}Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle
372	1734	1734—1734: Kent's Directory published 1734—1734: Kent's Directory

My Footsteps

through our family History

John Hart