1 | 1383 | - 1383β99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
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2 | 1485 | - 1485β1509: King Henry VII
King Henry VII ( 1485 - 1509 ) {\n}{\n}1485 - Henry accedes to the throne after defeating Richard III of York at the Battle of Bosworth.{\n}1486 - Henry marries Elizabeth of York, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.{\n}1487 - Henry crushes a
- 8 1485β21 Apr 1508: Henry VII Gaunt
House of Tudor: Son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, whose father had married the widow of Henry V; descended from Edward III through is mother, Mary Beaufort via John of Gaunt. By marriage with daughter of Edward IV he united Lancaster and York
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3 | 1499 | - 16 Nov 1499β16 Nov 1499: Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne, executed
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4 | 1500 | - 1500β1500: Gaspar de Corte-Real explorations
Gaspar de Corte-Real sails around Newfoundland
- 1500β1500: The first flush toilets appeared
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5 | 1503 | - 1503β1503: Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (-1505)
- 1503β1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor
- 28 May 1503β28 May 1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor
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6 | 1505 | - 1505β1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh
- 1505β1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh
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7 | 1506 | - 22 Jan 1506β22 Jan 1506: First contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican
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8 | 1507 | - 1507β1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar
- 1507β1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar
- Apr 1507βApr 1507: Suggestion put forward that the New World be named America in honour of
Amerigo Vespucci (on Martin Waldseem?ller's world map)
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9 | 1508 | - 1508β1508: Thomas Aubert visits Newfoundland
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10 | 1509 | - 1509β1509: Naturalisation papers start in England
- 1509β1509: Naturalisation papers start in England
Henry VIII becomes King of England (to 1547)
- 1509β1547: King Henry VIII
{\n}King Henry VIII ( 1509 - 1547 ) {\n}{\n}1509 - Henry accedes to the throne on the death of his father, Henry VII.{\n}1509 - Henry marries Catherine of Aragon, daughter of the Spanish King and Queen, and widow of his elder brother, Arthur{\n}1513 - The
- 22 Apr 1509β22 Apr 1509: Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old
- 11 Jun 1509β11 Jun 1509: Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon
- 4 1509β28 Jan 1547: Henry VIII
House of Tudor: Only surviving son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV
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11 | 1510 | - 1510β1510: Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel
- 1510β1510: Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein
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12 | 1512 | - 1512β1512: The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice
versa
- 1512β1512: Admiralty founded in London
- 1512β1512: Admiralty founded in London
the "Auld Alliance" treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became Franch and vice versa
- Nov 1512βNov 1512: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for
the first time
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13 | 1513 | - 1513β9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of the Scotish Army
Death of King James IV of Scots
- 1513β1513: Urs Graf invents etching
- 16 Aug 1513β16 Aug 1513: Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at
Guinegate
- 9 Sep 1513β9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots
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14 | 1514 | - 1514β1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland
- 1514β1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland
- 1514β1514: The recording of testaments (wills) begins.
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15 | 1515 | - 15 Nov 1515β15 Nov 1515: Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal
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16 | 1516 | - 1516β1516: Thomas More writes Utopia'
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17 | 1517 | - 31 Oct 1517β31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as
start of the Reformation
- 10 1517β31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg
regarded as start of the Reformation
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18 | 1518 | - 1518β1518: Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France,
England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored
by Cardinal Wolsey
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19 | 1520 | - Nov 1520βNov 1520: Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of
Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
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20 | 1521 | - 17 Apr 1521β17 Apr 1521: Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant
his teachings
- 17 May 1521β17 May 1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason
- 25 May 1521β25 May 1521: Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of
Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw
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21 | 1522 | - 6 Sep 1522β6 Sep 1522: The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition,
becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world
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22 | 1523 | - 1523β1523: Sweden leaves the union
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23 | 1525 | - 1525β1525: New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale
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24 | 1527 | - 1527β1527: Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield
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25 | 1528 | - 1528β1528: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed
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26 | 1529 | - 1529β1529: Diet of Speyer: origin of the word Protestant
|
27 | 1531 | - 11 Feb 1531β11 Feb 1531: Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England
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28 | 1532 | - 1532β1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
- 1532β1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
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29 | 1533 | - 25 Jan 1533β25 Jan 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen
on 1st June)
- 30 Mar 1533β30 Mar 1533: Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
- 23 May 1533β23 May 1533: Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled
- 11 Jul 1533β11 Jul 1533: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII
- 17 Sep 1533β17 Sep 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I
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30 | 1534 | - 1534β1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII)
- 1534β1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England Church (Henry VIII)
- 1534β1534: Jacques Cartier explores Gulf of St. Lawrence
Cartier claims land for France
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31 | 1535 | - 1535β1535: Sir Thomas More executed
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32 | 1536 | - 1536β1536: Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535
- 1536β1536: Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540)
- 1536β1536: Dissolution of monastries starts in England
- 19 May 1536β19 May 1536: Anne Boleyn executed
- 30 May 1536β30 May 1536: Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th
October)
- 18 Jul 1536β18 Jul 1536: The authority of the Pope is declared void in England
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33 | 1537 | - 24 Oct 1537β24 Oct 1537: Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future
Edward VI
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34 | 1538 | - 1538β1538: Henry VIII issues English Bible
- 1538β1538: English and Welsh parish registers start
- 1538β1538: English and Welsh parish registers start
- 17 Dec 1538β17 Dec 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III
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35 | 1540 | - 1540β1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed
- 1540β1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed
9th February - First recorded horse racing event in Britain at Chester
- 6 Jan 1540β6 Jan 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4
- 9 Feb 1540β9 Feb 1540: First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester
- 9 Jul 1540β9 Jul 1540: Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves
- 28 Jul 1540β28 Jul 1540: Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day,
wife #5
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36 | 1541 | - 1541β1541: Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland
- 1541β1541: Henry VIII proclaimed King (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland
- 1541β1541: First French settlement
Charlesbourg-Royal settlement esatablished by Cartier
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37 | 1542 | - 1542β1542: Ther Rout of Solway Moss and the death of King James V of Scots
- 13 Feb 1542β13 Feb 1542: Catherine Howard executed
- 14 Dec 1542β14 Dec 1542: Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots'
succeeds him just 6 days old
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38 | 1543 | - 12 Jul 1543β12 Jul 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him
- 9 Sep 1543β9 Sep 1543: Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in
Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)
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39 | 1544 | - 1544β1544: Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders
- 1544β1544: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland
- 1544β1545: Mary of Guise Regent of Scotland
Henrys VIII "Rough Wooing" of the Scottish Borders
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40 | 1545 | - 20 Jul 1545β20 Jul 1545: Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982
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41 | 1546 | - 1546β1546: Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII
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42 | 1547 | - 1547β1547: Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias'
- 1547β1547: Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves)
- 1547β1547: English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales
- 1547β1553: King Edward VI
King Edward VI ( 1547 - 1553 ) {\n}{\n}1547 - Edward VI accedes to the throne at the age of nine after the death of his father, Henry VIII.{\n}1547 - Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, uncle of Edward VI, is invested as Duke of Somerset and Protector of En
- 1547β1547: English replaced Latin in chruch services in England and Wales
Battle of Pinkie{\n}The injuction to keep parish register reiterated{\n}Death of Henry VIII (Edward VI to 1553)
- 28 Jan 1547β28 Jan 1547: Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553)
- 20 Feb 1547β20 Feb 1547: Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey
- 10 Sep 1547β10 Sep 1547: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the
British Isles
- 1 1547β6 Jul 1553: Edward VI
House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents. Was forced to name Lady Jane Grey his successor. Council of State proclaimed her queen July 10, 1553. Mary Tudor won Council, was proclaimed queen July 19, 1553.
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43 | 1548 | - 1548β1548: Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554
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44 | 1549 | - 1549β1549: English Parliament declares enclosures legal
- 1549β1549: First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal
- 1549β1549: Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand
- 1549β1549: 9th June First Book of Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
Wedding ring finger changed from right to left{\n}First Act of Uniformity in Engalnd made Catholic Mass illegal{\n}English Parliament declares enclosures legal
- 9 Jun 1549β9 Jun 1549: First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
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45 | 1550 | - 1550β1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries
- 1550β1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refuges from the Low Countries
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46 | 1551 | - 1551β1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms
and banns of marriage
- 1551β1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders
each parish to keep a register of Baptisms and banns of marriage
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47 | 1552 | - 1552β1552: Parishes are ordered to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage.
- Mar 1552βMar 1552: An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England
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48 | 1553 | - 1553β1558: Queen Mary I
Queen Mary I ( 1553 - 1558 ) {\n}{\n}1553 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen by the Protector, the Duke of Northumberland. After nine days, Mary arrives in London, Lady Jane Grey is arrested, and Mary is crowned Queen.{\n}1554 - After Mary declares her
- 7 Jun 1553β19 Jul 1553: Jane
House of Tudor: Jane claimed throne on death of Edward VI, removed by Mary I
- 6 Jul 1553β6 Jul 1553: Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only
- 19 Jul 1553β19 Jul 1553: Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne
- 7 1553β17 Nov 1558: Mary I
House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Catherine of Aragon
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49 | 1554 | - 1554β1554: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate
at least 30 miles from their wives
- 1554β1558: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor
- 12 Feb 1554β12 Feb 1554: Lady Jane Grey beheaded
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50 | 1555 | - 1555β1555: Michel Nostradamus publishes his prophecies
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51 | 1556 | - 21 Mar 1556β21 Mar 1556: Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford
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52 | 1557 | - 1557β1557: The First Covenant signed in Scotland
(Foundation of the Presbyterian Church)
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53 | 1558 | - 1558β1558: System of Counties adopted
- 1558β1558: Scottish parish registers start
- 1558β1603: Reign of Elizabeth I - Policy of Plantation begins
System of Counties adopted
- 1558β1558: Scottish parish registers start
Chancery Proceedings Indexes begin
- 1558β1603: Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I ( 1558 - 1603 ) {\n}{\n}1558 - Elizabeth accedes to the throne on the death of her half-sister, Mary.{\n}1559 - Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey in January.{\n}1559 - Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity restore the Prote
- 7 Jan 1558β7 Jan 1558: French take Calais, last English possession in France
- 24 Apr 1558β24 Apr 1558: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris
- 17 Nov 1558β17 Nov 1558: Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister
Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England
- 11 1558β24 Mar 1603: Elizabeth I
House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn
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54 | 1559 | - 1559β1559: Tobacco introduced to Europe
- 1559β1559: John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland
- 1559β1559: John Knox returns from Continent
Strenghtens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland
- 15 Jan 1559β15 Jan 1559: Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of
Carlisle
- 29 Apr 1559β29 Apr 1559: Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England
& Wales; established Church of England
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55 | 1560 | - 1560β1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion
- some records lost
- 1560β1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland
commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost
- 1560β1560: Protestantism is established. Pope's authority is abolished. Celebrating mass becomes illegal.
- 27 Feb 1560β27 Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and
the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland
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56 | 1561 | - 1561β1561: Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire
- 1561β1561: The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it
was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was
introduced in 1663
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57 | 1562 | - 1562β1562: Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and
the West Indies
- 1562β1562: African slave trade starts
|
58 | 1563 | - 1563β1563: Papal recusants heavily fined for non-attendance at Church
The Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from government offices
- 28 Jul 1563β28 Jul 1563: The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege
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59 | 1564 | - 26 Apr 1564β26 Apr 1564: Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's
Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616
|
60 | 1565 | - 1565β1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Darley
- 29 Jul 1565β29 Jul 1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first
cousin
|
61 | 1566 | - 1566β1566: Murder of Riccio in Holyrood House
- 9 Mar 1566β9 Mar 1566: Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House
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62 | 1567 | - 1567β1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion
Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Bothwell{\n}Earliest date in the French Protestant and Walloon registers
- 10 Feb 1567β10 Feb 1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion
- 15 May 1567β15 May 1567: Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
- 24 Jul 1567β24 Jul 1567: Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI
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63 | 1568 | - 1568β1568: Battle of Langside
Mary's flight into England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I
- 1568β1568: Bottled beer invented in London
- 13 May 1568β13 May 1568: Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen
Elizabeth I
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64 | 1569 | - 1569β1569: Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports
- 1569β1569: Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection
|
65 | 1570 | - 25 Feb 1570β25 Feb 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate
Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England
|
66 | 1571 | - 1571β1571: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright
- 1571β1571: Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from
'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted
- 1571β1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England
- 1571β1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England
Opening of the Royal Exchange, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham
- 1571β1572: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright
- 23 Jan 1571β23 Jan 1571: Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham -
this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666
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67 | 1574 | - 1574β1738: Colonial State Papers published
continued to 1738
|
68 | 1577 | - 1577β1577: James Burbage opens first theatre in London
|
69 | 1578 | - 1578β1578: Earliest Quaker registers begin
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70 | 1579 | - 1579β1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
- 1579β1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
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71 | 1580 | - 1580β1580: Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time
- 1580β1580: Colonisation of Ireland
- 1580β1580: Colonisation of Ireland
Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time
- 6 Apr 1580β6 Apr 1580: Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned
by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais
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72 | 1581 | - 1581β1581: English Levant Company founded
- 16 Jan 1581β16 Jan 1581: English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism
- 4 Apr 1581β4 Apr 1581: Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after
circumnavigating the world
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73 | 1582 | - 1582β1582: Gregorian calendar introduced in some couontires:
Spain and Portugal, France, Low Countries, part of Italy, Denmark
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74 | 1583 | - 1583β1583: University of Edinburgh founded
- 1583β1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas
- 1583β1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas
University of Edinburgh founded
- Aug 1583βAug 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's,
Newfoundland
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75 | 1584 | - 4 Jun 1584β4 Jun 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on
Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'
|
76 | 1585 | - 1585β1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press
- 1585β1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press
Shakespeare started seriously to write about this time
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77 | 1587 | - 1587β1587: Introduction of potatoes to England
- 1587β1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by English at Fotheringay Castle near Peterborough
11th August; Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents, Virginia Dare (August 18th){\n}Introduction of potatoes to England
- 8 Feb 1587β8 Feb 1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough
- 19 Apr 1587β19 Apr 1587: Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour
- 11 Aug 1587β11 Aug 1587: Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child
born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)
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78 | 1588 | - 1588β1588: Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright
- 1588β1588: 29th July Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(had set sail from Lisbon 20th May){\n}Invention of shorthand by Dr. Timothy Bright
- 19 Jul 1588β19 Jul 1588: Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May)
- 29 Jul 1588β29 Jul 1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines
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79 | 1589 | - 1589β1589: Englishmen, William Lee invents the knitting machine
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80 | 1590 | - 1590β1590: Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents the compound microscope
|
81 | 1591 | - 1591β1591: Trinity College, Dublin, founded
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82 | 1592 | - 1592β1592: A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London
- 1592β1592: Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops -
secular commissaries appointed by the Crown
- 1592β1592: A congregational (or Independant) Church formed in London.
Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all minsters equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown
- 1592β1592: The Presbyterian Church is formally established.
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83 | 1593 | - 1593β1593: British statute mile established by law
- 1593β1593: British statute mile established by law
- 1593β1593: Galileo invents a water thermometer
|
84 | 1594 | - 1594β1594: Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)
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85 | 1597 | - 1597β1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection
allowed
- 1597β1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor -
Poor Rate collection allowed
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86 | 1598 | - 1598β1598: Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to
be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries
were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre
- 1598β1598: Bishops transcript of English and Welsh parish registers start [some say 1597]
Edict of Nantes gives Huguentots toleration if France
|
87 | 1600 | - 1600β1600: Memoirs of Officers of the Royal Navy begin
- 1600β1600: The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar.
- 1 Jan 1600β1 Jan 1600: Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March)
- 31 Dec 1600β31 Dec 1600: British East India Company founded
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