Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock

Fort Port-Royal is captured by the British

Fort Port-Royal captured by the British

Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland

Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament

Commonwealth registers start

Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land

Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London

Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London

Commonwealther registers start

Battle of Worcester

The second English Civil War (1651-1652)

Scottish prisoners transported to the British settlements in America

The second English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector

Coffee brought to England about this time

George Fox founds Society of Friends (Quakers)

Otto von Guericke invents a air pump

Theatres banned by Cromwell

Christmas banned by Cromwell

Commonwealth declared

King Charles I executed

'Rump' Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial

Cromwell's Irish campaign starts

King Charles II proclaimed King of Scots and England in Scotland

30th June: King Charles I executed

Commonwealth period - Oliver Cromwell

Society of Friends (Quakers) founded by George Fox

First practical thermometers made

Earliest Baptist registers survive from this year

Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford

Charles I surrenders to the Scottish Army at Newark

20th June: Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford

Battle of Naseby: Parliament's New Model Army crushes the Royalist forces

Battle of Philiphaugh in Scotland

Scotland: Each county and burgh ordered to raise and maintain a number of foot soldiers, according to population, to serve as militia - population of Scotland estimated at 420,000

Plague made its last appearance in Scotland

Battle of Philipburgh in Scotland

Battle of Marston Moor, near York - Parliamentarian forces beat the Royalists

Battle of Cropredy Bridge - Royalists beat the Parliamentarian forces

Earlist Indepenent (Congregational) registers

Battle of Alton - victory for Parliamentarians - Sir Richard Bolle killed in St Lawrence's church

Solomn League and Covenrant signed in Scotland

Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer

Abel Janszoon Tasman first European to set foot in New Zealand

Abel Janszoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania)

Battle of Turnham Green - Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London

Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham - First Civil War in England (to 1649)

The Civil War interrupted the keeping of parish registers

English theatres closed by Puritans (till 1660)

22nd August - Charles I raises his standard at Nottinngham -

Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine

50,000 Irish killed in an uprising in Ulster

Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England

Charles I and the English Parliament acknowledge the Prebyterian Church in Scotland

Charles I policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England -

Charles I forced to recall Parliament (the 'Long Parliament') due to Scottish invasion

Act of Toleration in England established religious toleration

Act of Toleration in England established religious tolerance

King Charles regarded protests against the prayerbook as treason - forced Scots to choose between their church and the King - a ?Covenant' swearing to resist these changes to the Death was signed in Greyfriars Church Edinburgh and was accepted by hun

Charles regarded protests against the prayer book as treason

Scottish Prayer Book published

Pequot War

Arrival of the St. Jehan in Port-Royal

PRE-DEPORTATION PERIOD

Hackney Carriages in use by now in London

Hackney Carriages in use by now in London

W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer

Letter Office of England & Scotland started

Flintlock small arms invented around this time (replaces matchlock)

Letter Office of England and Scotland started

Galileo summoned by Inquisition for publishing in favour of Copernican theory

Isaac de Razilly arrives at Le Heve

Isaac de Razilly sails from LaRochelle

Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye

Québec returned to France by the 'Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye'

Samuel de Champlain named the first Governor of New France

Renaissance Period - Art and Antiques

Baroque Period (Art and Antiques)

European diseases/epidemics kill indians

Parliament dissolved by King Charles I - did not meet for another 11 yea

Parliament desolved by King Charles I -

Québec captured by Britain

Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine

Writs issued by Charles I that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date

Charles I

The Company of One Hundred Associates formed to colonize New France

Death of King James VI & I

The size of bricks standardised in England around this time

King Charles I

The size of bricks standardised in England around this time

Carolean Age

Frenchmen, Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion

Monopoly Act in England: patents protected

Edmund Gunter introduces the surveyor's chain (measurement of length)

Monopoly Act in England - patents protected

William Oughtred invents a slide ruler

First English newspaper appeared - Weekly News'

First Englaish Newspaper appears

Chimneys to be made of brick and to be four and a half feet above the roof

Chimneys to be made of brick and be four and half feet above roof

(Dec 16 old style): The Mayflower reaches America - founds Plymouth, New England (had initially set sail from Southampton on Aug 5)

Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth Rock

Manufacture of coke (the fuel, not the drink!) patented by Dud Dudley

The Mayflower reaches America

The earliest human-powered submarine invented

(Nov 24 old style): Colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by many to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas)

Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I

Register of Sasines (Land Leases) established in Scotland -

Tuesday Apr 23 (Julian calendar): Death of Shakespeare

Death of Shakespeare (23rd April)

The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry the Eighth (finally pulled down in 1644)

A copper farthing was produced, as a silver coin would be too small

James VI & I created the title of baronet

Authorised (King James) Version of Bible in Britain

Plantation of Ulster with English and Scottish colonists

James VI & I established the Episcopal Church in Scotland - Prebyterians persecuted and many of their records lost

James VI established the Episcopal Church in Scotland -

Henry Hudson explorations

First use of telescope by Galileo - he observed the moons of Jupiter two years later in Jan 1610

Québec founded

Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope

Jamestown, Virginia settled - to become the first permanent British colony in North America

Jamestown is established

Flight of the Earls - leading Ulster families go into exile

Adoption of Union Flag as the flag of Great Britain' (the term Union Jack is used officially only when the Union Flag is flown from the Jack Mast of a Royal Naval vessel)

Guy Fawkes and co-conspirators executed

The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery leave England on 19th De c taking 144 days to reach America

Episcopacy established in Scotland (against wishes of the Scots)

12th April Adoption of Union Jack as the flag of "Great Britain"

Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes, etc)

First Acadian settlement in Port-Royal

Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes)

Settlement of New France

James I

Shakespeare: Othello' first presented

EXPLORATION PERIOD

First Acadian settlement on Saint-Croix Island

Settlement of New France

Coronation - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain

Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns - under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625)

King James I

24th March - Death of Queen Elizabeth I

The crowns of England and Scotland unite.

Bodleian Library at Oxford University opened to the public

Dutch East India Company founded

Great English Poor Law Act passed

First use of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster

Great English Poor Law passed

British East India Company founded

Memoirs of Officers of the Royal Navy begin

The calendar changes from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar.

Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March)

Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre

Bishops transcript of English and Welsh parish registers start [some say 1597]

Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed

Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor -

Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)

British statute mile established by law

British statute mile established by law

Galileo invents a water thermometer

A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London

Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown

A congregational (or Independant) Church formed in London.

The Presbyterian Church is formally established.

Trinity College, Dublin, founded

Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents the compound microscope

Englishmen, William Lee invents the knitting machine

Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines

Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May)

Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright

29th July Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)

Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour

Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough

Introduction of potatoes to England

Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, by English at Fotheringay Castle near Peterborough

Foundation of Oxford University Press

Foundation of Oxford University Press

Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'

Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's, Newfoundland

University of Edinburgh founded

Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas

Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas

Gregorian calendar introduced in some couontires:

Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after circumnavigating the world

English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism

English Levant Company founded

Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais

Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time

Colonisation of Ireland

Colonisation of Ireland

Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced

Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced

Earliest Quaker registers begin

James Burbage opens first theatre in London

Colonial State Papers published

Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham - this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666

Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright

Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from 'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted

Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England

Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England

Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright

Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England

Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports

Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection

Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I

Battle of Langside

Bottled beer invented in London

Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI

Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion

Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion

Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House

Murder of Riccio in Holyrood House

Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin

Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Darley

Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616

The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege

Papal recusants heavily fined for non-attendance at Church

Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and the West Indies

African slave trade starts

Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire

The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was introduced in 1663

Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland

Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost

Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland

Protestantism is established. Pope's authority is abolished. Celebrating mass becomes illegal.

Elizabeth I

Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England & Wales; established Church of England

Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of Carlisle

Tobacco introduced to Europe

John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland

John Knox returns from Continent

Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England

Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris

French take Calais, last English possession in France

System of Counties adopted

Scottish parish registers start

Reign of Elizabeth I - Policy of Plantation begins

Scottish parish registers start

Queen Elizabeth I

The First Covenant signed in Scotland

Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford

Michel Nostradamus publishes his prophecies

Mary I

Lady Jane Grey beheaded

Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate at least 30 miles from their wives

Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor

Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne

Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only

Jane

Queen Mary I

An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England

Parishes are ordered to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage.

Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage

Scotland: General Provincial Council orders

Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries

Walloon Protestants arrive as refuges from the Low Countries

First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament

Edward VI

English Parliament declares enclosures legal

First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal

Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand

9th June First Book of Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament

Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554

Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the British Isles

Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey

Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553)

Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias'

Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves)

English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales

King Edward VI

English replaced Latin in chruch services in England and Wales

Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII

Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982

Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders

Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland

Mary of Guise Regent of Scotland

Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)

Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him

Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots' succeeds him just 6 days old

Catherine Howard executed

Ther Rout of Solway Moss and the death of King James V of Scots

Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland

Henry VIII proclaimed King (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland

First French settlement

Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day, wife #5

Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves

First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester

Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4

Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed

Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed

Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III

Henry VIII issues English Bible

English and Welsh parish registers start

English and Welsh parish registers start

Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI

The authority of the Pope is declared void in England

Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th October)

Anne Boleyn executed

Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535

Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540)

Dissolution of monastries starts in England

Sir Thomas More executed

Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII)

Reformation of the Catholic Church in England Church (Henry VIII)

Jacques Cartier explores Gulf of St. Lawrence

Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I

Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII

Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled

Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen on 1st June)

Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland

Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland

Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England

Diet of Speyer: origin of the word Protestant

St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed

Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield

New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale

Sweden leaves the union

The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world

Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw

Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason

Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings

Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific

Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg PROBLEM: start is > earliestEnd, start is > end

Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored by Cardinal Wolsey

Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as start of the Reformation

Thomas More writes Utopia'

Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal

Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland

Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland

The recording of testaments (wills) begins.

Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots

Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at Guinegate

Battle of Flodden, defeat of the Scotish Army

Urs Graf invents etching

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for the first time

The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice versa

Admiralty founded in London

Admiralty founded in London

Henry VIII

Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel

Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein

Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old

Naturalisation papers start in England

Naturalisation papers start in England

King Henry VIII

Thomas Aubert visits Newfoundland

Suggestion put forward that the New World be named America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci (on Martin Waldseem?ller's world map)

First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar

First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar

First contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican

Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh

Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh

Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor

Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (-1505)

Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor

Gaspar de Corte-Real explorations

The first flush toilets appeared

Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne, executed

Henry VII Gaunt

King Henry VII

Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury