Timeline: Ray Lorenzo Bennett: Our Family History

1931 - 1946 (15 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1383	1383—99 9999: Regular series of wills starts in Prerogative Court of Canterbury
2	1763	1763—1884: POST-DEPORTATION PERIOD
3	1817	1817—1898: Indian Wars
4	1832	4 Jan 1832—1937: Immigrants quarantined at Grosse Isle Canada's immigrant quarantine station opens at Grosse Isle
5	1837	6 1837—22 Jan 1901: Victoria House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III; married (1840) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became Prince Consort
6	1850	6 Sep 1850—3 Jan 1896: Utah Territory Organized 9 Sep 1850—5 Jan 1912: New Mexico Territory Organized
7	1853	3 Feb 1853—10 Nov 1889: Washington Territory Organized
8	1861	2 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: North Dakota Territory Organized 3 Feb 1861—1 Nov 1889: South Dakota Territory Organized
9	1863	3 Mar 1863—2 Jul 1890: Idaho Territory Organized 2 1863—13 Feb 1912: Arizona Territory Organized
10	1864	5 1864—7 Nov 1889: Montana Territory Organized
11	1868	7 1868—9 Jul 1890: Wyoming Territory Organized
12	1880	1880—7 Nov 1885: Chinese build railroad The construction of the western section of the Canadian Pacific Railway employs thousands of Chinese workers
13	1881	19 Sep 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur U.S. Presidency 9 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur, vice president under James Garfield, sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield
14	1884	1884—1884: Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche Second Acadian Convention at Miscouche on Prince Edward Island. The tri-color with gold star is approved as the Acadian flag and the hymn Ave Maris Stella becomes the national anthem of the Acadians. 1884—1884: Voting rights extended Spinsters and widows permitted to vote in municipal elections 1884—1884: James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register 1884—1884: Charles Parson patents the steam turbine 1884—1884: Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen 1884—1884: George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film 1884—1884: Frenchmen, H. de Chardonnet invents rayon 31 May 1884—31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 Oct 1884—13 Oct 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
15	1885	1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine 1885—1885: Harim Maxim invents the machine gun 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle Mar 1885—Mar 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 4 Mar 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland 11 Jul 1885—7 Nov 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway Completed 'Here on November 7, 1885, a plain iron spike welded East to West', says a plaque in Craigellachie, Eagle Pass, BC 5 Sep 1885—5 Sep 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 Sep 1885—29 Sep 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool 11 1885—16 Nov 1885: Louis Riel hanged Accused of treason for leading the Métis resistance, Louis Riel's hanging in Regina further degrades English-French relations
16	1886	1886—1886: Gottlieb Daimler builds the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle 1886—1886: John Pemberton invents Coca Cola 1886—1886: Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher 20 Jan 1886—20 Jan 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales May 1886—May 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named 'Coca-Cola' 29 May 1886—29 May 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
17	1887	1887—1887: Daimler produces a four-wheeled motor car 1887—1887: German, Heinrich Hertz invents radar 1887—1887: Rowell Hodge patents barbed wire 1887—1887: Emile Berliner invents the gramophone 1887—1887: F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses 5 Mar 1887—3 May 1887: Coal mine explosion in Nanaimo, BC 148 killed in mine explosion
18	1888	1888—1888: First box camera - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film 1888—1888: Dunlop invents pneumatic tyre 1888—1888: County Councils set up in Britain 1888—1888: Jack the Ripper active in east London during the latter half of the year 1888—1888: Convention of Constantinople guarantees free maritime passage through Suez Canal in war and peace 1888—1888: Voting rights extended All adult male British subjects except unenfranchised Indians living on reserves are permitted to vote 1888—1888: John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire 1888—1888: Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer 1888—1888: Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws 20 Mar 1888—20 Mar 1888: Football League formed
19	1889	1889—1889: Dock Strike - docker's won their 'Docker's Tanner' 6 old pennies 1889—1889: Celluloid film produced 1889—1889: Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act Ontario's western boundary extended to west of Lake Superior 1889—1889: Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder 1889—1889: Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: South Dakota 40th State 11 Feb 1889—2 Nov 1889: North Dakota 39th State 4 Mar 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison U.S. Presidency 31 Mar 1889—31 Mar 1889: Eiffel Tower completed (to mark centenary of French Revolution) 3 Apr 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison 14 May 1889—14 May 1889: Children's charity NSPCC launched in London 3 Jun 1889—3 Jun 1889: Canadian Pacific Railway completed from coast to coast 11 Aug 1889—8 Nov 1889: Montana 41st State 28 Sep 1889—28 Sep 1889: Length of a metre defined 11 Nov 1889—11 Nov 1889: Washington 42nd State
20	1890	5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Indian Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 5 Feb 1890—15 Nov 1907: Oklahoma Territory Organized The most of the area that is present day Oklahoma was divided into Oklahoma and Indian Territory 4 Mar 1890—4 Mar 1890: Forth railway bridge opens - took six years to build 7 Mar 1890—3 Jul 1890: Idaho 43rd State 7 Oct 1890—10 Jul 1890: Wyoming 44th State 4 Nov 1890—4 Nov 1890: City & South London Railway opens - London's first deep-level tube railway and first major railway in the world to use electric traction
21	1891	1891—1891: Primary education made free and compulsory 1891—1891: First Children's Aid Society is established in Toronto 1891—1891: Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator 18 Mar 1891—18 Mar 1891: First telephone link between London & Paris 4 May 1891—4 May 1891: Fictional date when Sherlock Holmes throws Moriarty over Reichenbach Falls, then disappears for 3 years! (published in 1893) 4 Jun 1891—6 Apr 1891: Census of Canada counts 4,833,239 individuals 24 Aug 1891—24 Aug 1891: Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera
22	1892	1892—1892: Electric oven invented 1892—1892: Shop Hours Act - limit 74 hours per week for under-18's 1892—1892: Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask 1892—1892: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine 6 Oct 1892—6 Oct 1892: Alfred Lord Tennyson dies, aged 83, at his house Aldworth, near Haslemere
23	1893	1893—1893: Zip fastener invented 1893—1893: Henry Ford's first car 1893—1893: American, W.L. Judson invents the zipper 1893—1893: Edward Goodrich Acheson invents carborundum 4 Mar 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland
24	1894	1894—1894: Picture postcard introduced in Britain 1 Jan 1894—1 Jan 1894: Manchester Ship Canal opens 1 Mar 1894—1 Mar 1894: Blackpool Tower opens 30 Jun 1894—30 Jun 1894: Tower Bridge first opens 2 Aug 1894—2 Aug 1894: Death duties first introduced in Britain
25	1895	1895—1895: Sir Henry Wood starts Promenade Concerts in London 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one 1895—1895: Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe 12 Jan 1895—12 Jan 1895: The National Trust founded in England 24 May 1895—24 May 1895: Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted 28 May 1895—28 May 1895: Oscar Wilde sent to prison 12 Jul 1895—12 Jul 1895: First recorded motor journey of any length (56 miles) in Britain 17 Oct 1895—17 Oct 1895: First people in Britain to be charged with motor offences - John Henry Knight and James Pullinger of Farnham, Surrey Nov 1895—Nov 1895: X-rays discovered
26	1896	1896—1896: Gold discovered in Yukon Gold found in Bonanza Creek, Klondike River, Yukon 1896—1896: American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel 1 Apr 1896—4 Jan 1896: Utah 45th State 5 Apr 1896—5 Apr 1896: First modern Olympic Games held in Athens 2 Jun 1896—2 Jun 1896: Guglielmo Marconi receives a British patent (later disputed) for the radio
27	1897	1897—1897: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector 4 Mar 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley William McKinley dies in Buffalo, NY.
28	1898	1898—1898: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company founded 1898—1898: Zeppelin builds airship 1898—1898: First photograph using artificial light 1898—1898: Klondike gold rush Gold rush along the upper Yukon River 1898—1898: Yukon gold rush 1898—1898: Rudolf Diesel receives patent #608,845 for an "internal combustion engine" the Diesel engine 1898—1898: Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster 17 Mar 1898—17 Mar 1898: USS Holland launched, the first practical submarine 25 Apr 1898—12 Aug 1898: Spanish-American War Spanish-American War 27 Jun 1898—27 Jun 1898: The first solo circumnavigation of the globe completed at Rhode island by Joshua Slocum in Spray (started from Boston, Mass on Apr 24, 1895) 7 Jul 1898—20 Aug 1959: Territory of Hawaii was Oraganized 6 1898—13 Jun 1898: The Yukon joins Canada Yukon becomes an entity separate from the North-West Territories 4 1898—10 Dec 1898: Spanish-American War United States vs Spain
29	1899	1899—1899: J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1899—1899: I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame 6 Mar 1899—6 Mar 1899: Aspirin first marketed by Bayer 2 Jun 1899—4 Jul 1902: Philippine-American War Philippine-American War 11 Oct 1899—11 Oct 1899: Start of Second Boer War 2 Nov 1899—7 Sep 1901: Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion 10 1899—30 Oct 1899: Boer War Canadian troops sent overseas for the first time to fight in the Boer War, but this is opposed by Quebec
30	1900	1900—1900: School leaving age in Britain raised to 14 years 1900—1900: Central Line opens in London: underground is electrified 1900—1900: Escalator shown at Paris exhibition 1900—1900: The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900—1900: Charles Seeberger redesigned Jesse Reno's escalator and invented the modern escalator 9 Feb 1900—9 Feb 1900: Davis Cup tennis competition established 27 Feb 1900—27 Feb 1900: Labour Party formed
31	1901	1901—1901: Hubert Cecil Booth patents the vacuum cleaner 1901—1901: Commonwealth of Australia founded 1901—1901: King Camp Gillette invents the double-edged safety razor 1901—1901: The first radio receiver, successfully received a radio transmission 1901—1901: Hubert Booth invents a compact and modern vacuum cleaner 22 Jan 1901—22 Jan 1901: Queen Victoria dies - Edward VII king 2 Feb 1901—2 Feb 1901: Queen Victoria's funeral - interred beside Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park Jun 1901—Jun 1901: Denunciation of use of concentration camps by British in Boer War 14 Sep 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt U.S. Presidenc 2 Oct 1901—2 Oct 1901: Britain's first submarine launched 12 Dec 1901—12 Dec 1901: First successful radio transmission across the Atlantic, by Marconi - Morse code from Cornwall to Newfoundland 9 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt, vice president under William McKinley, sworn in as president upon death of McKinley 1 1901—6 May 1910: Edward VII House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Eldest son of Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess of Denmark 3 1901—31 Mar 1901: Census of Canada counts 5,371,315 individuals
32	1902	1902—1902: Marie Curie discovers radioactivity 1902—1902: Cremation Act - cremation can only take place at officially recognised establishments, and with two death certificates issued 1902—1902: Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902—1902: Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner 1902—1902: French physicist George Claude invents neon light 1902—1902: The lie detector or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie 1902—1902: The birth of the Teddy Bear 24 May 1902—24 May 1902: Empire Day (later Commonwealth Day) first celebrated 31 May 1902—31 May 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Boer War 9 Aug 1902—9 Aug 1902: Coronation of Edward VII
33	1903	1903—1903: Women's Social and Political Union formed in Britain by Emmeline Pankhurst 1903—1903: Henry Ford sets up his motor company 1903—1903: Workers' Education Association (WEA) formed in Britain 1903—1903: Canada loses the Alaska Boundary Dispute to the USA 1903—1903: Edward Binney and Harold Smith co-invent crayons 1903—1903: Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens 1903—1903: The Wright brothers invent the first gas motored and manned airplane 1903—1903: Mary Anderson invents windshield wipers 1903—1903: William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in lightbulbs 14 Dec 1903—14 Dec 1903: First flight of Wilbur & Orville Wright 4 1903—29 Apr 1903: Frank Slide, Alberta Turtle Mountain landslide, caused by mining, buries town and population of Frank in Alberta
34	1904	1904—1904: Leeds University established 1904—1904: Teabags invented by Thomas Suillivan 1904—1904: Benjamin Holt invents a tractor 1904—1904: John A Fleming invents a vacuum diode or Fleming valve 8 Apr 1904—8 Apr 1904: France and UK sign the Entente Cordiale 4 May 1904—4 May 1904: America takes over construction of the Panama Canal from the French (completed 1914)
35	1905	1905—1905: Germany lays down the first Dreadnought battleship 1905—1905: Aliens Act in Britain: Home Office controls immigration 1905—1905: The title 'Prime Minister' noted in a royal warrant for the first time - placed the Prime Minister in order of precedence in Britain immediately after the Archbishop of York 1905—1905: Albert Einstein published the Theory of Relativity and made famous the equation, E = mc2 1905—1905: Mary Anderson receives a patent for windshield wipers 9 Jan 1905—1 Sep 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan join Canada Alberta and Saskatchewan become Canada's eighth and ninth provinces 11 Apr 1905—11 Apr 1905: Einstein publishes Special Theory of Relativity
36	1906	1906—1906: Introduction of free school meals for poor children 1906—1906: Amundsen traverses the North-West Passage 1906—1906: William Kellogg invents Cornflakes 1906—1906: Lewis Nixon invents the first sonar like device 1906—1906: Lee Deforest invents electronic amplifying tube (triode) 10 Feb 1906—10 Feb 1906: Launching of HMS Dreadnought, first turbine-driven battleship 15 Mar 1906—15 Mar 1906: Rolls-Royce Ltd registered 26 May 1906—26 May 1906: Vauxhall Bridge opened in London 20 Sep 1906—20 Sep 1906: Launching of Cunard's RMS Mauretania on the Tyne 6 1906—24 Jun 1906: Census of Northwest Provinces Census of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Quinquennial censuses instituted
37	1907	1907—1907: Lumiere develops a process for colour photography 1907—1907: First airship flies over London 1907—1907: New Zealand becomes a Dominion 1907—1907: Imperial College, London, is established 1907—1907: Leo Baekeland invents the first synthetic plastic called Bakelite 1907—1907: Color photography invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere 1907—1907: The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu Jul 1907—Jul 1907: Leo Hendrik Baekeland patents Bakelite, the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated 1 Aug 1907—1 Aug 1907: Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island 9 Nov 1907—9 Nov 1907: The Cullinan Diamond presented to Edward VII on his birthday 11 1907—16 Nov 1907: Oklahoma 46th State. The area that had been Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were united to become one state.
38	1908	1908—1908: Lord Baden-Powell starts the Boy Scout movement 1908—1908: Separate courts for juveniles established in Britain 1908—1908: Coal Mines Regulation Act in Britain limits men to an eight hour day 1908—1908: Border Ports established Ports of entry established for customs and immigration 1908—1908: The gyrocompass invented by Elmer A. Sperry 1908—1908: Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger 1908—1908: Model T first sold 1908—1908: J W Geiger and W Müller invent the geiger counter 1908—1908: Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates 1 Jul 1908—1 Jul 1908: SOS became effective as an international signal of distress 12 Aug 1908—12 Aug 1908: First 'Model T' Ford made
39	1909	1909—1909: First commercial manufacture of Bakelite - start of the plastic age 1909—1909: Peary reaches the north pole 1909—1909: Beveridge Report prompts creation of labour Exchanges 1909—1909: Instant coffee invented by G. Washington 1 Jan 1909—1 Jan 1909: Old Age Pensions Act came into force 16 Jan 1909—16 Jan 1909: Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole 7 Feb 1909—2 Jul 1909: 16th Amendment passed by Congress 4 Mar 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Howard Taft William Howard Taft U.S. Presidency 15 Mar 1909—15 Mar 1909: Selfridges department store opens in London 3 Apr 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Taft 25 Jul 1909—25 Jul 1909: Bleriot flies across the Channel (36 minutes, Calais to Dover)
40	1910	1910—1910: Halley's comet reappears 1910—1910: Tango becomes popular in North America and Europe 1910—1910: Madame Curie isolates radium 1910—1910: Dr Crippen caught by radio telegraphy; hanged 23 Nov at Pentonville 1910—1910: Constitutional crisis in Britain 1910—1910: Railway strike and coal strikes in Britain 1910—1910: Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture 1910—1910: Georges Claude displayed the first neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris 6 May 1910—6 May 1910: Edward VII dies - George V becomes King 5 Jun 1910—20 Jan 1936: George V House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck. Accession, Jan 20, abdication, Dec 10.
41	1911	1911—1911: Strikes by seamen, dock and transport workers (1911-1912) 1911—1911: Rutherford: theory of atomic structures 1911—1911: First British Official Secrets Act 1911—1911: British MPs receive a salary 1911—1911: Parliament Act in Britain reduces the power of the House of Lords 1911—1911: Charles Franklin Kettering invents the first automobile electrical ignition system 6 Jan 1911—1 Jun 1911: Census of Canada Census of 9 Provinces and 2 Territories counts 7,206,643 individuals 2 Apr 1911—2 Apr 1911: Census: Population - England and Wales: 36 Million; Scotland: 4.6 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 22 Jun 1911—22 Jun 1911: Coronation of George V 14 Dec 1911—14 Dec 1911: National Insurance introduced in Britain
42	1912	1912—1912: Britain nationalises the telephone system 1912—1912: Discovery of the 'Piltdown Man' - hoax, exposed in 1953 1912—1912: Irish Home Rule crisis grows in Britain 1912—1912: Motorized movie cameras invented, replaced hand-cranked cameras 1912—1912: The first tank patented by Australian inventor De La Mole 1912—1912: Clarence Crane created Life Savers candy in 1912 18 Jan 1912—18 Jan 1912: Captain Scott's last expedition - he and his team reach the south pole on Jan 18th; all die on the way back, their bodies found in November 14 Apr 1912—14 Apr 1912: The 'unsinkable' Titanic sinks on maiden voyage - loss of 1,513 lives 13 May 1912—13 May 1912: Royal Flying Corps (later the RAF) founded in Britain 1 Jun 1912—6 Jan 1912: New Mexico 47th State 5 1912—13 May 1912: 17th Amendment passed by Congress 2 1912—14 Feb 1912: Arizona 48th State 8 1912—2 Jan 1959: Alaska Territory Organized 6 1912—30 Jun 1912: Saskatchewan tornado The worst tornado in Canadian history claims 28 lives in Regina
43	1913	1913—1913: Geiger invents his counter to measure radioactivity 1913—1913: Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley of Sheffield 1913—1913: Trade Union Act in Britain establishes the right to use Union funds for political purposes 1913—1913: Suffragette demonstrations in London - Mrs Pankhurst imprisoned 1913—1913: Third Irish Home Rule Bill rejected by House of Lords - threat of civil war in Ireland - formation of Ulster Volunteers to oppose Home Rule 1913—1913: The crossword puzzle invented by Arthur Wynne 1913—1913: The Merck Chemical Company patented, what is now know as, ecstasy 1913—1913: Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra 1913—1913: Gideon Sundback invents the modern zipper 2 Mar 1913—3 Feb 1913: 16th Amendment ratified 4 Mar 1913—4 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1913—3 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson 4 Jun 1913—4 Jun 1913: Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby and dies 4 Aug 1913—8 Apr 1913: 17th Amendment ratified
44	1914	1914—1914: Chaplin and De Mille make their first films 1914—1914: Irish Home Rule Act provides for a separate Parliament in Ireland; the position of Ulster to be decided after the War 1914—1918: World War One Canadian forces fight in Europe during World War 1 1914—1914: Garrett A. Morgan invents the Morgan gas mask 6 Jan 1914—11 Nov 1918: World War I Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. The United States joined on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917. 28 Jun 1914—28 Jun 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo 4 Aug 1914—4 Aug 1914: Britain declares war on Germany, citing Belgian neutrality as reason 5 Aug 1914—5 Aug 1914: British cableship Telconia cut through all five of Germany's undersea telegraph links to the outside world 15 Aug 1914—15 Aug 1914: Panama Canal opened, the Canal cement boat 'Ancon' making the first official transit (plans for a grand opening were cancelled due to the start of WW1) Oct 1914—Oct 1914: Battle of Ypres - beginning of trench warfare on western front 27 Nov 1914—27 Nov 1914: First policewoman goes on duty in Britain 16 Dec 1914—16 Dec 1914: German battleships bombard Hartlepool and Scarborough 6 1914—19 Jun 1914: Alberta coal mine disaster The worst coal mining disaster in Canadian history claims 189 lives in Hillcrest 5 1914—30 May 1914: Empress of Ireland sinks 1,014 lives are lost when ship sinks in Gulf of St. Lawrence
45	1915	1915—1915: Junkers construct first fighter aeroplane 1915—1915: First automatic telephone exchange in Britain 1915—1915: A new constitution establishes a two-chamber parliament elected by universal suffrage 1915—1915: Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invented Pyrex in New York City 19 Jan 1915—19 Jan 1915: First Zeppelin air raid on England, over East Anglia - four killed Feb 1915—Feb 1915: Submarine blockade of Britain starts Apr 1915—Apr 1915: Second Battle of Ypres - poison gas used for first time 25 Apr 1915—25 Apr 1915: Gallipoli campaign starts (declared ANZAC Day in 1916) 7 May 1915—7 May 1915: RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off coast of Ireland - 1,198 died 16 May 1915—16 May 1915: First meeting of a British WI (Women's Institute) took place in Llanfairpwll (aka Llanfair PG), Anglesey
46	1916	1916—1916: Compulsory military service introduced in Britain 1916—1916: Women get vote in Manitoba Manitoba is the first province to give women the right to vote 1916—1916: Radios tuners invented, that received different stations 1916—1916: Stainless steel invented by Henry Brearly Feb 1916—Feb 1916: Battle of Verdun - appalling losses on both sides, stalemate continues 24 Apr 1916—24 Apr 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland - after the leaders are executed, public opinion backs independence 21 May 1916—21 May 1916: First use of Daylight Saving Time in UK 31 May 1916—31 May 1916: Battle of Jutland - only major naval battle between the British and German fleets 5 Jun 1916—5 Jun 1916: Sinking of HMS Hampshire and death of Kitchener 3 Aug 1916—3 Aug 1916: Sir Roger Casement hanged at Pentonville Prison for treason 15 Sep 1916—15 Sep 1916: First use of tanks in battle, but of limited effect (Battle of the Somme 1 July to 18 Nov: over 1 million casualties) 7 Dec 1916—7 Dec 1916: Lloyd-George becomes British Prime Minister of the coalition government 6 1916—29 Jun 1916: Ontario forest fire A forest fire in northern Ontario claims 233 lives
47	1917	1917—1917: Ministry of Labour is established in Britain 1917—1917: Battle of Cambrai - first use of massed tanks, but effect more psychological than actual 1917—1917: Income Tax introduced 1917—1917: Gideon Sundback patented the modern zipper (not the first zipper) Feb 1917—Feb 1917: February revolution in Russia; Tsar Nicholas abdicates 6 Apr 1917—11 Nov 1918: World War I World War I 16 Apr 1917—16 Apr 1917: Lenin returns to Russia after exile 17 Apr 1917—17 Apr 1917: USA declares war on Germany 26 May 1917—26 May 1917: George V changes surname from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor (Royal proclamation on 17 July) 12 Jun 1917—6 Dec 1917: The Halifax Explosion Canada's worst single disaster, claims 1600 lives, injures 9000 and leaves 6000 homeless in Halifax, Nova Scotia Jul 1917—Jul 1917: Battle of Passchendaele - little gained by either side (Jul-Nov) 4 Sep 1917—12 Apr 1917: WW1 - Vimy Ridge Canadian Corps take Vimy Ridge in France but 3,600 die and another 5,000 wounded 7 Nov 1917—7 Nov 1917: 'October' Revolution in Russia - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government; Lenin becomes Chief Commissar 6 Dec 1917—6 Dec 1917: Halifax (Nova Scotia) Explosion, one of the world's largest artificial non-nuclear explosions to date: a ship loaded with wartime explosives blew up after a collision, obliterating buildings and structures within two square kilometres of the explosion 9 Dec 1917—9 Dec 1917: British forces capture Jerusalem 12 1917—17 Dec 1917: 18th Amendment passed by Congress
48	1918	1918—1918: War of Independence in Ireland 1918—1918: Vote for women over 30, men over 21 (except peers, lunatics and felons) 1918—1918: The superheterodyne radio circuit invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1918—1918: Charles Jung invented fortune cookies 18 Jan 1918—18 Jan 1918: Bentley Motors founded 8 Mar 1918—8 Mar 1918: Start of world-wide 'flu pandemic Jul 1918—Jul 1918: Second Battle of the Marne: last major German offensive in WW1 (Jul-Aug) 1 Oct 1918—1 Oct 1918: Arab forces under Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus 11 Nov 1918—11 Nov 1918: Armistice signed Dec 1918—Dec 1918: First woman elected to House of Commons, Countess Markiewicz as a Sinn Fein member refused to take her seat
49	1919	1919—1919: Sir Ernest Rutherford publishes account of splitting the atom 1919—1919: Britain adopts a 48-hour working week 1919—1919: Soldier Settlement Act Land grants awarded to 25,000 veteran soldiers 1919—1919: The pop-up toaster invented by Charles Strite 1919—1919: Short-wave radio invented 1919—1919: The flip-flop circuit invented 1919—1919: The arc welder invented 6 Apr 1919—4 Jun 1919: 19th Amendment passed by Congress 15 Jun 1919—15 Jun 1919: Alcock and Brown complete first nonstop flight across the Atlantic 28 Jun 1919—28 Jun 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed 1 1919—16 Jan 1919: 18th Amendment ratified
50	1920	1920—1920: Thompson patents his machine gun (Tommy gun) 1920—1920: Marconi opens a radio broadcasting station in Britain 1920—1920: Regular cross-channel air service starts 1920—1920: After a referendum, northern Schleswig is returned to Denmark 1920—1920: The tommy gun patented by John T Thompson 1920—1920: The Band-Aid (pronounced 'ban-'dade) invented by Earle Dickson Feb 1920—Feb 1920: First roadside petrol filling station in UK - opened by the Automobile Association at Aldermaston on the Bath Road 8 1920—18 Aug 1920: 19th Amendment ratified
51	1921	1921—1921: First birth control clinic 1921—1921: Insulin discovery announced 1921—1921: Railway Act in Britain amalgamates companies - only four remained 1921—1921: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1921—1921: Artificial life begins -- the first robot built 1921—1921: John Larson invented the lie detector 6 Jan 1921—1 Jun 1921: Census of Canada counts 8,787,949 individuals 4 Mar 1921—2 Aug 1923: Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1921—2 Aug 1921: Warren Harding Warren Harding dies of an embolism in San Francisco. He had taken ill on 31 Jul 1921 19 Jun 1921—19 Jun 1921: Census: Population - England and Wales: 37.9 Million; Scotland: 4.9 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 6 Dec 1921—6 Dec 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in London, leading to the formation of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland 11 1921—21 Nov 1921: Canada's Coat of Arms proclaimed by George V
52	1922	1922—1922: Law of Property Act - the manorial system effectively ended 1922—1922: Insulin invented by Sir Frederick Grant Banting 1922—1922: The first 3-D movie (spectacles with one red and one green lens) is released 1 Jun 1922—1 Jun 1922: Royal Ulster Constabulary founded Oct 1922—Oct 1922: BBC established as a monopoly, and begins transmissions in November (2LO in London on 14 Nov; 5IT in Birmingham and 2ZY in Manchester on 15 Nov)
53	1923	1923—1923: First American broadcasts heard in Britain 1923—1923: Hubble shows there are galaxies beyond the Milky Way 1923—1923: Roads in Great Britain classified with A and B numbers 1923—1923: Garrett A. Morgan invents a traffic signal 1923—1923: The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin 1923—1923: John Harwood invented the self-winding watch 1923—1923: Clarence Birdseye invents frozen food 1 Jan 1923—1 Jan 1923: The majority of the railway companies in Great Britain grouped into four main companies, the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, LMSR - lasted until nationalisation in 1948 16 Feb 1923—16 Feb 1923: Howard Carter unsealed the burial chamber of Tutankhamun 8 Mar 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge, vice president under Warren Harding, sworn in as president the day after Harding dies 28 Apr 1923—28 Apr 1923: First Wembley cup final (West Ham 0, Bolton 2) - 'I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles ' popular song of the time became the West Ham anthem 2 Aug 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge U.S. Presidency 28 Sep 1923—28 Sep 1923: First publication of Radio Times
54	1924	1924—1924: The dynamic loudspeaker invented by Rice and Kellogg 1924—1924: Notebooks with spiral bindings invented 4 Jan 1924—4 Jan 1924: First Labour government in Britain, headed by Ramsay MacDonald 5 Feb 1924—5 Feb 1924: Hourly Greenwich Time Signals from the Royal Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast by the BBC 31 Mar 1924—31 Mar 1924: British Imperial Airways begins operations (formed by merger of four British airline companies - became BOAC in 1940)
55	1925	1925—1925: Britain returns to gold standard 1925—1925: The mechanical television a precursor to the modern television, invented by John Logie Baird 18 Jul 1925—18 Jul 1925: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
56	1926	1926—1926: Walt Disney arrives in Hollywood 1926—1926: Kodak produces 16mm movie film 1926—1926: Adoption of children is legalised in Britain 1926—1926: First public demonstration of television (TV) by John Logie Baird 1926—1926: Robert H. Goddard invents liquid-fueled rockets 21 Apr 1926—21 Apr 1926: Princess Elizabeth born 3 May 1926—3 May 1926: General Strike begins. Lasts until May 12 (mine workers for 6 months more) 31 Oct 1926—31 Oct 1926: Death of Harry Houdini
57	1927	1927—1927: Release of the first 'talkie' film (The Jazz Singer) 1927—1927: Eduard Haas III invents PEZ candy 1927—1927: JWA Morrison invents the first quartz crystal watch 1927—1927: Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a complete electronic TV system 1927—1927: Technicolor invented 1927—1927: Erik Rotheim patents an aerosol can 1927—1927: Warren Marrison developed the first quartz clock 1927—1927: Philip Drinker invents the iron lung 7 Jan 1927—7 Jan 1927: First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London 22 Jan 1927—22 Jan 1927: First football broadcast by BBC (Arsenal v Sheffield United at Highbury) 1 May 1927—1 May 1927: First cooked meals on a scheduled flight introduced by Imperial Airways from London to Paris 20 May 1927—20 May 1927: Lindbergh makes solo flight across the Atlantic, in 33? hours 31 May 1927—31 May 1927: Last Ford Model T rolls off assembly line 24 Jul 1927—24 Jul 1927: The Menin Gate war memorial unveiled at Ypres
58	1928	1928—1928: Women over 21 get vote in Britain - same qualification for both sexes 1928—1928: Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1928—1928: Bubble gum invented by Walter E. Diemer 1928—1928: Jacob Schick patented the electric shaver 26 Apr 1928—26 Apr 1928: Madame Tussauds opens in London 15 Sep 1928—15 Sep 1928: Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally discovers penicillin (results published 1929)
59	1929	1929—1929: BBC begins experimental TV transmissions 1929—1929: Minimum age for a marriage in Britain (which had been 14 for a boy and 12 for a girl) now 16 for both sexes, with parental consent (or a licence) needed for anyone under 21 1929—1929: Abolition of Poor Law system in Britain 1929—1939: The Great Depression Canada hit hardest by the depression 1929—1929: American, Paul Galvin invents the car radio 1929—1929: Yo-Yo re-invented as an American fad 4 Mar 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover U.S. Presidency 3 Apr 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover 10 1929—18 Oct 1929: The 'Persons' Case Decision Women are declared 'persons' by the British Privy Council
60	1930	1930—1930: Youth Hostel Association (YHA) founded in Britain 1930—1930: First Nazis elected to the German Reichstag 1930—1930: Scotch tape patented by 3M engineer, Richard G. Drew 1930—1930: The frozen food process patented by Clarence Birdseye 1930—1930: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents neoprene 1930—1930: The "differential analyzer", or analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT in Boston 1930—1930: Frank Whittle and Dr Hans von Ohain both invent a jet engine 30 Jan 1930—30 Jan 1930: Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany 31 Jan 1930—31 Jan 1930: 3M begins marketing Scotch Tape 6 Mar 1930—6 Mar 1930: Clarence Birdseye first marketed frozen peas 5 Oct 1930—5 Oct 1930: R101 airship disaster - British abandons airship construction
61	1931	1931—1931: Collapse of the German banking system; 3,000 banks there close 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster: British Dominions become independent sovereign states 1931—1931: Statute of Westminster The British Dominions are formally recognized by British Parliament 1931—1931: Harold Edgerton invented stop-action photography 1931—1931: Germans Max Knott and Ernst Ruska co-invent the electron microscope 14 Apr 1931—14 Apr 1931: Highway Code first issued 26 Apr 1931—26 Apr 1931: Census: Population - England and Wales; 40 Million; Scotland: 4.8 Million; N Ireland: 1.24 Million (Unfortunately, the census was destroyed by fire in WW2) 21 Oct 1931—21 Oct 1931: National Government formed to deal with economic crisis - Britain comes off gold standard
62	1932	1932—1932: Sir Thomas Beecham established the London Philharmonic Orchestra 1932—1932: Cockroft and Walton accelerate particles to disintegrate an atomic nucleus 1932—1932: Moseley founds British Union of Fascists 1932—1932: Great Hunger March of unemployed to London 1932—1932: Polaroid photography invented by Edwin Herbert Land 1932—1932: The zoom lens and the light meter invented 1932—1932: Carl C. Magee invents the first parking meter 1932—1932: Karl Jansky invents the radio telescope 3 Feb 1932—2 Mar 1932: 20th Amendment passed by Congress 21 May 1932—21 May 1932: Amelia Earhart first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic by a female pilot 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: Iraq gains independence from Britain 3 Oct 1932—3 Oct 1932: 'The Times' introduces 'Times New Roman' typeface
63	1933	1933—1933: ICI scientists discover polythene 1933—1933: Only 6 pennies minted in Britain this year 1933—1933: Frequency modulation (FM radio) invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1933—1933: Stereo records invented 1933—1933: Richard M. Hollingshead builds a prototype drive-in movie theater in his driveway 4 Mar 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt U. 3 Apr 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin Roosevelt 12 May 1933—5 Dec 1933: 21st Amendment ratified 12 Nov 1933—12 Nov 1933: First known photos of the 'Loch Ness Monster' taken 2 1933—20 Feb 1933: 21st Amendment passed by Congress 1 1933—23 Jan 1933: 20th Amendment ratified
64	1934	1934—1934: Hitler becomes Fuehrer of Germany 1934—1934: Englishmen, Percy Shaw invents cat eyes or roads reflectors 1934—1934: Charles Darrow claims he invented the game Monopoly 1934—1934: Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting - first magnetic recording 18 Jul 1934—18 Jul 1934: King George V opens Mersey Tunnel 26 Sep 1934—26 Sep 1934: RMS Queen Mary launched 30 Nov 1934—30 Nov 1934: First time a steam locomotive travels at 100 mph ('Flying Scotsman')
65	1935	1935—1935: Land speed record of 301.13 mph by Malcolm Campbell 1935—1935: London adopts a 'Green Belt' scheme 1935—1935: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1935—1935: Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents nylon ( polymer 6.6.) 1935—1935: The first canned beer made 1935—1935: Robert Watson-Watt patented radar 28 Feb 1935—28 Feb 1935: Nylon first produced by Gerard J. Berchet of Wallace Carothers' research group at DuPont (there is no evidence to the widely-supposed story that the name derives from New York-London) 12 Mar 1935—12 Mar 1935: Hore-Belisha introduces pedestrian crossings and speed limits for built-up areas in Britain 1 Jun 1935—1 Jun 1935: Voluntary driving tests introduced in UK 30 Jul 1935—30 Jul 1935: Penguin paperbacks launched
66	1936	1936—1936: Jet engine first tested 1936—1936: Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine 1936—1936: Samuel Colt patents the Colt revolver 20 Jan 1936—20 Jan 1936: George V dies 5 May 1936—5 May 1936: First flight of a Spitfire 24 Jul 1936—24 Jul 1936: 'Speaking clock' service starts in UK 2 Nov 1936—2 Nov 1936: British Broadcasting Corporation initiates the BBC Television Service, world's first public TV transmission 12 Nov 1936—6 Feb 1952: George VI House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): 2nd son of George V, Duke of York; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 30 Nov 1936—30 Nov 1936: Crystal Palace destroyed by fire 5 Dec 1936—5 Dec 1936: Edward VIII abdicates (announced Dec 10) - popular carol that Christmas: 'Hark the Herald Angels sing Mrs Simpson's got our King' 1 1936—11 Dec 1936: Edward VIII House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917): Eldest son of George V
67	1937	1937—1937: Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp 1937—1937: '999' emergency telephone call facility starts in London 1937—1937: Chester F. Carlson invents the photocopier 1937—1937: The first jet engine is built 12 Apr 1937—12 Apr 1937: Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft 12 May 1937—12 May 1937: Coronation of King George VI 28 May 1937—28 May 1937: Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister - policy of appeasement towards Hitler 3 Jun 1937—3 Jun 1937: Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson 4 Dec 1937—4 Dec 1937: 'The Dandy' first published
68	1938	1938—1938: First practical ball-point pen produced by Hungarian journalist, Lajos Biro 1938—1938: HMS Rodney first ship to be equipped with radar 1938—1938: Principle of paid holidays established in Britain 1938—1938: The ballpoint pen invented by Ladislo Biro 1938—1938: Strobe lighting invented 1938—1938: Roy J. Plunkett invented tetrafluoroethylene polymers or Teflon 1938—1938: Nescafe or freeze-dried coffee invented 1938—1938: The first working turboprop engine 12 Mar 1938—12 Mar 1938: Germany invades and annexes Austria 3 Jul 1938—3 Jul 1938: 'Mallard' reaches 126 mph (203 km/h); still world record for a steam locomotive 27 Sep 1938—27 Sep 1938: Largest ocean liner ever built, Queen Elizabeth launched on Clydebank 29 Sep 1938—29 Sep 1938: Chamberlain visits Hitler in Munich - promises 'peace in our time' 30 Oct 1938—30 Oct 1938: Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of HG Wells 'The War of the Worlds', causing panic in the USA
69	1939	1939—1939: Coldest winter in Britain since 1894, though this could not be publicised at the time 1939—1939: Start of evacuation of women and children from London 1939—1939: Germany annexes Czechoslovakia 1939—1945: World War II huge involvement of Canadian supplies and troops 1939—1939: Igor Sikorsky invents the first successful helicopter 1939—1939: The electron microscope invented 9 Jan 1939—2 Sep 1945: World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan vs. Major Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia 12 Jul 1939—7 Dec 1939: Troops leave Canada First group of Canadian troops sail to Britain -- 7,400 on 5 ships 1 Sep 1939—1 Sep 1939: Germany invades Poland 3 Sep 1939—3 Sep 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany 6 Sep 1939—6 Sep 1939: First air-raid on Britain 11 Sep 1939—11 Sep 1939: British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sent to France 9 Oct 1939—10 Sep 1939: Canada declares war on Germany 14 Oct 1939—14 Oct 1939: HMS Royal Oak sunk in Scapa Flow with loss of 810 lives 7 Dec 1939—7 Dec 1939: 'First flight' of Canadian troops sail for Britain - 7,400 men on 5 ships 17 Dec 1939—17 Dec 1939: 'Admiral Graf Spee' scuttled outside Montevideo
70	1940	1940—1940: Québec permits women to vote The last province to give women the right to vote 1940—1946: National Registration Compulsory registration of all persons 16 years of age or older 1940—1945: German occupation of Denmark 1940—1940: Dr William Reich invents the orgone accumulator 1940—1940: Peter Goldmark invents modern color television system 1940—1940: Karl Pabst invents the jeep 1 Apr 1940—1 Apr 1940: BOAC starts operations, replacing Imperial and British Airways Ltd 11 May 1940—11 May 1940: National Government formed under Churchill 13 May 1940—13 May 1940: Germany invades France 27 May 1940—27 May 1940: Start of the evacuation of the British Army at Dunkirk (27 May - 4 Jun) 25 Jun 1940—25 Jun 1940: Fall of France to Germany 7 Sep 1940—7 Sep 1940: Germany launches bombing blitz on Britain, the first of 57 consecutive nights of bombing 15 Sep 1940—15 Sep 1940: Battle of Britain: massive waves of German air attacks decisively repulsed by the RAF - Hitler postpones invasion of Britain 14 Nov 1940—14 Nov 1940: Coventry heavily bombed and the Cathedral almost completely destroyed
71	1941	1941—1941: First use of antibiotics 1941—1941: Bailey invents his portable military bridge 1941—1941: First British jet aircraft flies, based on work of Whittle 1941—1941: Britain introduces severe rationing 1941—1941: Konrad Zuse's Z3, the first computer controlled by software 1941—1941: Aerosol spray cans invented by American inventors, Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan 1941—1941: Enrico Fermi invents the neutronic reactor 12 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces defend south coast of England 10 May 1941—10 May 1941: Rudolf Hess flies to Scotland 27 May 1941—27 May 1941: 'Bismark' sunk 22 Jun 1941—22 Jun 1941: Germany invades Russia (Operation Barbarossa) 1 Jul 1941—1 Jul 1941: First Canadian armoured regiments arrive in Britain 12 Jul 1941—7 Dec 1941: Canada declares war on Japan Attack on Pearl Harbour causes Canada to declare war on Japan Dec 1941—Dec 1941: 'Manhattan Project' of nuclear research begins in America Dec 1941—Dec 1941: Canadian forces given operation role in defending south coast of England 7 Dec 1941—7 Dec 1941: Japan attackes US fleet at Pearl Harbour 7 Dec 1941—2 Sep 1945: World War II World War II 8 Dec 1941—8 Dec 1941: USA enters WWII 24 Dec 1941—24 Dec 1941: Hong Kong falls to the Japanese 6 1941—14 Jun 1941: Census of Canada Census date changed to prevent clash with Victory Bond campaign. Sampling is initiated
72	1942	1942—1942: Gilbert Murray founds Oxfam 1942—1942: Invention of world's first programmable computer by Alan Turing in co-operation with Max Neumann - used to crack German codes 1942—1942: John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer 1942—1942: Max Mueller designs a turboprop engine 30 May 1942—30 May 1942: Over 1,000 allied bombers raid Cologne 4 Jun 1942—4 Jun 1942: Battle of Midway 19 Aug 1942—19 Aug 1942: Abortive raid on Dieppe, largely by Canadian troops 6 Sep 1942—6 Sep 1942: Germans defeated at Stalingrad 3 Oct 1942—3 Oct 1942: First successful launch of V2 rocket in Germany - first man-made object to reach space 23 Oct 1942—23 Oct 1942: Battle of El Alamein - Montgomery defeats Rommel 2 Dec 1942—2 Dec 1942: 'Manhattan Project' - a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
73	1943	1943—1943: Round-the-clock bombing of Germany begins 1943—1943: Synthetic rubber invented 1943—1943: Richard James invents the slinky 1943—1943: James Wright invent silly putty 1943—1943: Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD 1943—1943: Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau invent the aqualung 16 May 1943—16 May 1943: 'Dam Buster' raids on Ruhr dams by RAF 24 Jul 1943—24 Jul 1943: Allies invade Italy - Benito Mussolini resigns as Italian Dictator, 24 July
74	1944	1944—1944: The kidney dialysis machine invented by Willem Kolff 1944—1944: Synthetic cortisone invented by Percy Lavon Julian 6 Apr 1944—6 Apr 1944: PAYE income tax begins 4 Jun 1944—4 Jun 1944: Allies enter Rome 6 Jun 1944—6 Jun 1944: D-Day invasion of Normandy 12 Jun 1944—12 Jun 1944: First V1 flying bombs hit London 8 Sep 1944—8 Sep 1944: First V2 rocket bombs hit London 11 Sep 1944—11 Sep 1944: Allies enter Germany 16 Dec 1944—16 Dec 1944: Battle of the Bulge: German counter-offensive
75	1945	1945—1945: Newfoundland census Census taken in Newfoundland 1945—1945: Vannevar Bush proposes hypertext 1945—1945: The atomic bomb invented 4 Feb 1945—4 Feb 1945: Yalta Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin 29 Mar 1945—29 Mar 1945: Last V1 flying bomb attack 12 Apr 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman U.S. Presidency 25 Apr 1945—25 Apr 1945: Berlin surrounded by Russian troops 30 Apr 1945—30 Apr 1945: Hitler commits suicide 8 May 1945—8 May 1945: VE Day (Victory in Europe) 9 May 1945—9 May 1945: Channel Islands liberated 26 Jun 1945—26 Jun 1945: UN Charter signed in San Francisco 16 Jul 1945—16 Jul 1945: First ever atomic bomb exploded in a test in New Mexico (although there were other forms of atomic device before that, such as the Pile at Stagg Field, first critical on 2nd Dec 1942) 26 Jul 1945—26 Jul 1945: Labour win UK General Election - Churchill out of office 29 Jul 1945—29 Jul 1945: BBC Light Programme starts 6 Aug 1945—6 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 9 Aug 1945—9 Aug 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 15 Aug 1945—15 Aug 1945: VJ Day (Victory in Japan) 2 Sep 1945—2 Sep 1945: Japanese surrender signed aboard USS Missouri 24 Oct 1945—24 Oct 1945: United Nations Organisation comes into existence 4 Nov 1945—4 Nov 1945: UNESCO founded 4 Dec 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry Truman 6 1945—26 Jun 1945: Canada joins the United Nations
76	1946	1946—1946: Alistair Cooke starts his regular 'Letter from America' on BBC radio - until 2004 1946—1946: Transition to National Health Service starts in Britain (came into being 5th July 1948) 1946—1946: The microwave oven invented by Percy Spencer 1 Jan 1946—1 Jan 1946: First civillian flight from Heathrow Airport 7 Jan 1946—1 Jul 1946: Canadian Citizenship Act Parliament proclaims an act providing for the creation of Canadian citizens to take effect 1 January 1947 1 Mar 1946—1 Mar 1946: Bank of England nationalised
77	1947	1947—1947: First British nuclear reactor developed 1947—1947: Most severe winter in Britain for 53 years at start of the year - heavy snow and much flooding later 1947—1947: British/Hungarian scientist, Dennis Gabor, developed the theory of holography 1947—1947: Mobile phones first invented 1947—1947: Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invent the transistor 1947—1947: Earl Silas Tupper patented the Tupperware seal 1 Jan 1947—1 Jan 1947: Coal Mines nationalised 23 Feb 1947—23 Feb 1947: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) founded 1 Mar 1947—1 Mar 1947: International Monetary Fund begins financial operations 1 Apr 1947—1 Apr 1947: School leaving age raised to 15 in Britain 26 Oct 1947—26 Oct 1947: British military occupation ends in Iraq 20 Nov 1947—20 Nov 1947: Marriage of Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II) and Philip Mountbatten in Westminster Abbey 3 1947—21 Mar 1947: 22nd Amendment passed by Congress
78	1948	1948—1948: Transistor radio invented 1948—1948: Long-playing record (LP) invented by Goldmark 1948—1948: British Citizenship Act : all Commonwealth citizens qualify for British passports 1948—1948: The Frisbee® invented by Walter Frederick Morrison and Warren Franscioni 1948—1948: Velcro ® invented by George de Mestral 1948—1948: Robert Hope-Jones invented the Wurlitzer jukebox 1 Jan 1948—1 Jan 1948: British Railways nationalised 5 Jul 1948—5 Jul 1948: National Health Service (NHS) begins in Britain 29 Jul 1948—29 Jul 1948: London Olympics begin
79	1949	1949—1949: De Haviland produces the Comet - first jet airliner 1949—1949: Maiden flight of the Bristol Brabazon (broken up in 1953 for scrap) 1949—1949: Cake mix invented 15 Mar 1949—15 Mar 1949: Clothes rationing ends in Britain 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Twelve nations sign The North Atlantic Treaty creating NATO 4 Apr 1949—4 Apr 1949: Canada joins NATO 3 1949—31 Mar 1949: Newfoundland joins Canada Newfoundland becomes Canada's tenth province
80	1950	1950—1950: The first credit card (Diners) invented by Ralph Schneider 4 1950—30 Jun 1950: Winnipeg flood More than 100,000 people forced from their homes in Winnipeg, Manitoba, by the Red River flooding 19 May 1950—19 May 1950: Points rationing ends in Britain 26 May 1950—26 May 1950: Petrol rationing ends in Britain 25 Jun 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War Korean War 11 Jul 1950—11 Jul 1950: 'Andy Pandy' first seen on BBC TV 9 Sep 1950—9 Sep 1950: Soap rationing ends in Britain 28 Dec 1950—28 Dec 1950: The Peak District becomes the Britain's first National Park 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War As part of the United Nations, Canadian troops participate in the Korean War 6 1950—27 Jul 1953: Korean War United States (as part of the United Nations) and South Korea vs. North Korea and Communist China
81	1951	1951—1951: Super glue invented 1951—1951: Power steering invented by Francis W. Davis 1951—1951: Charles Ginsburg invented the first videotape recorder (VTR) 3 May 1951—3 May 1951: Festival of Britain and Royal Festival Hall open on South Bank, London 28 May 1951—28 May 1951: First Goon Show broadcast 20 Dec 1951—20 Dec 1951: Electricity first produced by nuclear power, from Experimental Breeder Reactor 2 1951—27 Feb 1951: 22nd Amendment ratified
82	1952	1952—1952: Bonn Convention: Britain, France and USA end their occupation of West Germany 1952—1952: Radioactive carbon used for dating prehistoric objects 1952—1952: Contraceptive pill invented 1952—1952: Britain explodes her first atomic bomb, in Australia 1952—1952: Mr. Potato Head patented 1952—1952: The first patent for bar code (US Patent #2,612,994) issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver 1952—1952: The first diet soft drink sold 1952—1952: Edward Teller and team build the hydrogen bomb 6 Feb 1952—6 Feb 1952: King George VI dies 21 Feb 1952—21 Feb 1952: Identity Cards abolished in Britain 2 May 1952—2 May 1952: First commercial jet airliner service launched, by BOACComet between London and Johannesburg 2 Jun 1952—2004: Elizabeth II House of Windsor (name adopted Jul 17, 1917):Elder daughter of George VI, acceded Feb 6, 1952 5 Jul 1952—5 Jul 1952: Last tram runs in London (Woolwich to New Cross) 16 Aug 1952—16 Aug 1952: Lynmouth (North Devon) flood disaster 6 Sep 1952—6 Sep 1952: DH110 crashes at Farnborough Air Show, 26 killed 3 Oct 1952—3 Oct 1952: End of tea rationing in Britain 1 Nov 1952—1 Nov 1952: The first H-bomb ever ('Mike') was exploded by the USA - the mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high. The canopy was 100 miles wide. Radioactive mud fell out of the sky followed by heavy rain. 80 million tons of earth was vaporised. 25 Nov 1952—25 Nov 1952: Agatha Christie's 'The Mousetrap' opens in London 4 Dec 1952—4 Dec 1952: Great smog hits London
83	1953	1953—1953: Radial tires invented 1953—1953: The first musical synthesizer invented by RCA 1953—1953: David Warren invented the black box - flight recorder 1953—1953: Transistor radio invented by Texas Instruments 20 Jan 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. 31 Jan 1953—31 Jan 1953: Said to be the biggest civil catastrophe in Britain in the 20th century - severe storm and high tides caused the loss of hundreds of lives - - effects travelled from the west coast of Scotland round to the south-east coast of England [The Netherlands wer 5 Feb 1953—5 Feb 1953: Sweet rationing ends in Britain 5 Mar 1953—5 Mar 1953: Death of Stalin 26 Mar 1953—26 Mar 1953: Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine 24 Apr 1953—24 Apr 1953: Winston Churchill knighted 25 Apr 1953—25 Apr 1953: Francis Crick and James D Watson publish the double helix structure of DNA 2 Jun 1953—2 Jun 1953: Coronation of Elizabeth II 26 Sep 1953—26 Sep 1953: Sugar rationing ends in Britain (after nearly 14 years) 1 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight Eisenhower
84	1954	1954—1954: First transistor radios sold 1954—1954: Routemaster bus starts operating in London 1954—1954: First comprehensive school opens in London 1954—1954: Oral contraceptives invented 1954—1954: The first nonstick pan produced 1954—1954: The solar cell invented by Chaplin, Fuller and Pearson 1954—1954: Ray Kroc started McDonalds 6 May 1954—6 May 1954: First sub 4 minute mile (Roger Bannister, 3 mins 59.4 secs) 3 Jul 1954—3 Jul 1954: Food rationing officially ends in Britain 5 Jul 1954—5 Jul 1954: BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin 30 Sep 1954—30 Sep 1954: First atomic powered sumbmarine USS Nautilus commissioned 10 1954—15 Oct 1954: Hurricane Hazel Southwestern Ontario, Toronto and area, hit by Hurricane Hazel -- 81 died, 4,000 homeless
85	1955	1955—1955: 'Mole' self-grip wrench patented by Thomas Coughtrie of Mole & Sons 1955—1955: Tetracycline invented 1955—1955: Optic fiber invented 27 Jul 1955—27 Jul 1955: Jul 27: Allied occupation of Austria (after WW2) ends 22 Sep 1955—22 Sep 1955: Commercial TV starts in Britain
86	1956	1956—1956: Britain constructs world's first large-scale nuclear power station in Cumberland 1956—1956: The first computer hard disk used 1956—1956: The hovercraft invented by Christopher Cockerell 1956—1956: Bette Nesmith Graham invented "Mistake Out," later renamed Liquid Paper, to paint over mistakes made with a typewriter 6 Jan 1956—1 Jun 1956: First nation-wide 5-year census Population-count censuses initiated 11 Jan 1956—1 Nov 1956: Springhill Mine explosion 39 miners killed from explosion in mine at Springhill, Nova Scotia 1 Mar 1956—1 Mar 1956: Radiotelephony spelling alphabet introduced (Alpha, Bravo, etc) 17 Apr 1956—17 Apr 1956: Premium Bonds first launched - first prizes drawn on 1 Jun 1957 3 Jun 1956—3 Jun 1956: 3rd class travel abolished on British Railways (renamed 'Third Class' as 'Second Class', which had been abolished in 1875 leaving just First and Third Class) 31 Oct 1956—31 Oct 1956: Britain and France invade Suez
87	1957	1957—1957: Helvetica typeface developed (in Switzerland) 1957—1957: Britain introduces parking meters 1957—1957: Fortran (computer language) invented 11 Jan 1957—11 Jan 1957: Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister 14 May 1957—14 May 1957: Post-Suez petrol rationing ends 15 May 1957—15 May 1957: Britain explodes her first hydrogen bomb, at Christmas Island 25 May 1957—25 May 1957: Treaty of Rome to create European Economic Community (EEC) of six countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg - became operational Jan 1958 4 Dec 1957—4 Dec 1957: Lewisham rail disaster - 90 killed as two trains collide in thick fog and a viaduct collapses on top of them 25 Dec 1957—25 Dec 1957: Queen's first Christmas TV broadcast
88	1958	1958—1958: USA begins to produce Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) 1958—1958: Computers begin to be used in research, industry and commerce 1958—1958: Easter: First anti-nuclear protest march to Aldermaston (emergence of CND) 1958—1958: The modem invented 1958—1958: Gordon Gould invents the laser 1958—1958: The Hula Hoop invented by Richard Knerr and Arthur "Spud" Melin 1958—1958: The integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce 13 May 1958—13 May 1958: Velcro trade mark registered 26 Jul 1958—26 Jul 1958: Prince Charles' Investiture as 'Prince of Wales' 5 Dec 1958—5 Dec 1958: Preston by-pass opens - UK's first stretch of motorway 5 Dec 1958—5 Dec 1958: Inauguration of Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) in Britain (completed in 1979) 10 1958—23 Oct 1958: Springhill Mine disaster 74 miners killed from third major explosion in mine at Springhill, Nova Scotia
89	1959	1959—1959: The internal pacemaker invented by Wilson Greatbatch 1959—1959: Barbie Doll invented 1959—1959: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce both invent the microchip 3 Feb 1959—3 Feb 1959: 'The Day The Music Died' - plane crash kills Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper 17 Feb 1959—17 Feb 1959: Vanguard 2 satellite launched - first to measure cloud-cover distribution 1 Mar 1959—3 Jan 1959: Alaska 49th State 24 May 1959—24 May 1959: Empire Day becomes Commonwealth Day Aug 1959—Aug 1959: BMC Mini car launched 26 Sep 1959—30 Apr 1975: Vietnam War Vietnam War 3 Oct 1959—3 Oct 1959: Postcodes introduced in Britain 1 Nov 1959—1 Nov 1959: First section of M1 motorway opened 8 1959—21 Aug 1959: Hawaii 50th State 6 1959—26 Jun 1959: St. Lawrence seaway opens Ocean vessels can now sail as far inland as Lakes Michigan and Superior
90	1960	1960—1975: Vietnam War United States and South Vietnam vs North Vietnam 1960—1960: Canada's Bill of Rights Bans discrimination by federal agencies on grounds of race, national origin, colour, religion or sex -- permits Indians to vote 1960—1960: The halogen lamp invented 17 Mar 1960—17 Mar 1960: New ?1 notes issued by Bank of England 18 Mar 1960—18 Mar 1960: Last steam locomotive of British Railways named 21 Jul 1960—21 Jul 1960: Francis Chichester arrives in New York aboard Gypsy Moth II (took 40 days), winning the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race which he co-founded 12 Aug 1960—12 Aug 1960: Echo I, the first (passive) communications satellite, launched 12 Sep 1960—12 Sep 1960: MoT tests on motor vehicles introduced 1 Oct 1960—1 Oct 1960: HMS 'Dreadnought' nuclear submarine launched 2 Nov 1960—2 Nov 1960: Penguin Books found not guilty of obscenity in the 'Lady Chatterley's Lover' case 6 1960—16 Jun 1960: 23rd Amendment passed by Congress
91	1961	1961—1961: Valium invented 1961—1961: The nondairy creamer invented 1 Jan 1961—1 Jan 1961: Farthing ceases to be legal tender in UK 20 Jan 1961—20 Nov 1963: John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy U.S. Presidency 13 Mar 1961—13 Mar 1961: Black & White ?5 notes cease to be legal tender 14 Mar 1961—14 Mar 1961: New English Bible (New Testament) published 1 May 1961—1 May 1961: Betting shops legal in Britain 4 1961—19 Apr 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion United States vs Cuba 1 1961—22 Nov 1963: John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas 3 1961—29 Mar 1961: 23rd Amendment ratified
92	1962	1962—1962: Britain and France agree to construct 'Concorde' 1962—1962: Thalidomide withdrawn after it causes deformities in babies 1962—1962: Britain passes Commonwealth Immigrants Act to control immigration 1962—1962: The audio cassette invented 1962—1962: The fiber-tip pen invented by Yukio Horie 1962—1962: Spacewar, the first computer video game invented 1962—1962: Dow Corp invents silicone breast implants 7 Jan 1962—1 Jul 1962: Medicare introduced in Saskatchewan Saskatchewan sets medicare prototype for all provinces 9 Mar 1962—3 Sep 1962: Trans-Canada Highway officially opens 25 May 1962—25 May 1962: Consecration of new Coventry Cathedral (old destroyed in WW2 blitz) 15 Jun 1962—15 Jun 1962: First nuclear generated electricity to supplied National Grid (from Berkeley Glos) Jul 1962—Jul 1962: First passenger-carrying hovercraft enters service, along the North Wales Coast from Moreton to Rhyl 10 Jul 1962—10 Jul 1962: First TV transmission between US and Europe (Telstar) - first live broadcast on 23 Jul 24 Oct 1962—24 Oct 1962: Cuba missile crisis - brink of nuclear war 8 1962—27 Aug 1962: 24th Amendment passed by Congress
93	1963	1963—1963: France vetoes Britain's entry into EEC 1963—1963: The first videodisc invented Jan 1963—Jan 1963: Cold weather forces cancellation of most football matches (only 4 English First Division matches in the month) - the first 'pools panel' created 27 Mar 1963—27 Mar 1963: Beeching Report on British Railways (the 'Beeching Axe') 1 Aug 1963—1 Aug 1963: Minimum prison age raised to 17 8 Aug 1963—8 Aug 1963: 'Great Train Robbery' on Glasgow to London mail train 17 Sep 1963—17 Sep 1963: Fylingdales (Yorks) early warning system operational 18 Nov 1963—18 Nov 1963: Dartford Tunnel opens 20 Nov 1963—20 Jan 1969: Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. Presidency 23 Nov 1963—23 Nov 1963: First episode of 'Dr Who' on BBC TV 11 1963—20 Jan 1969: Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson, vice president under John F. Kennedy, sworn in as president aboard Air Force One upon death of Kennedy.
94	1964	1964—1964: Acrylic paint invented 1964—1964: Permanent-press fabric invented 1964—1964: BASIC (an early computer language) is invented by John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz 4 1964—Apr 1964: Social Insurance cards first issued Social Insurance cards issued to all Canadian adults -- privacy concerns limit their use for genealogy puposes 1 Jan 1964—1 Jan 1964: First 'Top of the Pops' on BBC TV 9 Apr 1964—9 Apr 1964: First Greater London Council (GLC) election 21 Apr 1964—21 Apr 1964: BBC2 TV launched 22 Aug 1964—22 Aug 1964: 'Match of the Day' starts on BBC2 4 Sep 1964—4 Sep 1964: Forth road bridge opens 3 1964—1993: Canadian troops in Cyprus Canadian troops serve in Cyprus as part of the UN peace-keeping force 1 1964—23 Jan 1964: 24th Amendment ratified
95	1965	1965—1965: Britain enacts first Race Relations Act 1965—1965: Astroturf invented 1965—1965: Soft contact lenses invented 1965—1965: NutraSweet invented 1965—1965: The compact disk invented by James Russell 1965—1965: Kevlar invented by Stephanie Louise Kwolek 7 Feb 1965—7 Feb 1965: First US raids against North Vietnam 7 Apr 1965—7 Apr 1965: Winston Churchill dies 7 Jun 1965—6 Jul 1965: 25th Amendment passed by Congress 1 Aug 1965—1 Aug 1965: TV cigarette advertising banned in Britain 8 Oct 1965—8 Oct 1965: Post Office Tower operational in London 28 Oct 1965—28 Oct 1965: Death penalty for murder suspended in Britain for five-year trial period, then abolished 18 Dec 1969 22 Dec 1965—22 Dec 1965: 70mph speed limit introduced on British roads 2 1965—15 Feb 1965: Canadian Flag changed Maple Leaf flag is adopted by Parliament as the official flag of Canada. It replaces the "Canadian" (modified) Red Ensign
96	1966	1966—1966: Electronic Fuel injection for cars invented 14 Feb 1966—14 Feb 1966: Australia converts from ? to $ 3 May 1966—3 May 1966: 'The Times' begins to print news on its front page in place of classified Advertisements 30 Jul 1966—30 Jul 1966: World Cup won by England at Wembley (4-2 in extra time v West Germany) 8 Sep 1966—8 Sep 1966: First Severn road bridge opens 21 Oct 1966—21 Oct 1966: Aberfan disaster - slag heap slip kills 144, incl. 116 children 1 Dec 1966—1 Dec 1966: First Christmas stamps issued in Britain
97	1967	1967—1967: The first handheld calculator invented 4 Jan 1967—4 Jan 1967: Donald Campbell dies attempting to break his world water speed record on Conniston Water - his body and Bluebird recovered in 2002 18 Mar 1967—18 Mar 1967: 'Torrey Canyon' oil tanker runs aground off Lands End first major oil spill 28 May 1967—28 May 1967: Francis Chichester arrives in Plymouth after solo circumnavigation in Gipsy Moth IV (he was knighted 7th July at Greenwich by the queen using the sword with which Elizabeth I had knighted Sir Francis Drake four centuries earlier 27 Jun 1967—27 Jun 1967: First withdrawal from a cash dispenser (ATM) in Britain - at Enfield branch of Barclays 1 Jul 1967—1 Jul 1967: First colour TV in Britain 14 Aug 1967—14 Aug 1967: Offshore pirate radio stations declared illegal by the UK 20 Sep 1967—20 Sep 1967: 'QE2' launched on Clydebank 27 Sep 1967—27 Sep 1967: 'Queen Mary' arrives Southampton at end of her last transatlantic voyage 30 Sep 1967—30 Sep 1967: BBC Radios 1 2 3 & 4 open first record played on Radio 1 was the controversial 'Flowers in the Rain' by 'The Move' 2 Oct 1967—10 Feb 1967: 25th Amendment ratified 5 Oct 1967—5 Oct 1967: Introduction of majority verdicts in English courts 4 1967—25 Apr 1967: Canadian Armed Forces established The Canadian Army, Navy and Air Force unite into one combined military force -- a world first
98	1968	1968—1968: The computer mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart 1968—1968: The first computer with integrated circuits made 1968—1968: Robert Dennard invented RAM (random access memory) 18 Feb 1968—18 Feb 1968: British Standard Time introduced - Summer Time became permanent but arguments prevailed and Britain reverted to GMT in October 1971 18 Apr 1968—18 Apr 1968: London Bridge sold (and eventually moved to Arizona) - modern London Bridge, built around it as it was demolished, was opened in Mar 1973 20 Apr 1968—20 Apr 1968: Enoch Powell 'Rivers of Blood' speech on immigration 23 Apr 1968—23 Apr 1968: Issue of 5p and 10p decimal coins in Britain 29 May 1968—29 May 1968: Manchester United first English club to win the European Cup 11 Aug 1968—11 Aug 1968: Last steam passenger train service ran in Britain (Carlisle- Liverpool) 16 Sep 1968—16 Sep 1968: Two-tier postal rate starts in Britain 5 Oct 1968—5 Oct 1968: Beginning of disturbances in N Ireland

My Footsteps

through our family History

Ray Lorenzo Bennett